*c 


176 


M^ft 


STURTEVANT 


It   symbolizes    Growth. 

The  branches  cover  much  of  this  old  Earth. The  roots 
transmit,  from  great  factories,  streams  of  Sturtevarit  genius 
to  limbs  bearing  that  which  can  nowhere  else  be  produced. 

It   is  truly  a  Live    OaK. 


y 


HARRISON  Sq.  BOSTON,  MASS. 


-r 


^s.  hadowed  by  this  Royal  Oak 

^J  ^^*  King  James  I  +***- 

bestowed  British  Letters 

Patent  for  improvements 

in  treating  Iron,  on 

Simon  Sturtevant. 

If  the  life -chain  of  either  the 
King  or  Simon, straining  into 
the  misty  ages  of  creation, 
had  lacked  one  link  this 
meeting  could  not  have  taken 
place,  but  the  fortunes  of 
Simon  now  reach  to  the 
Sturtevant  Mill  Company 
and  they  have  left  here  and 
there  Inventors  to  receive 
distinction  and  reward. 


I  STURTEVANT  MILL 


Copyright  1921  by  Sturtevant  Mill  Co. 


-  : 


Mr.  Charles  H.  Macdowell,  President  of  the  Armour  Fertilizer 
Works,  in  his  Presidential  address  before  the  National  Fertilizer  Associ- 
ation at  White  Sulphur  Springs,  West  Virginia,  June  22nd,  1921,  stated: 


"There  are  other  hidden  losses  in  manufacturing,  such  as  low  yields 
in  sulphuric  acid,  high  insolubles  in  acid  phosphates  from  uneven  grind- 
ing and  poor  mixing,  from  excess  iron  and  alumina,  or  improper  handling 
of  acid  phosphate  after  it  has  been  made.  A  chemical  control  of  plant 
manufacture  and  manipulation  is  essential  in  avoiding  these  losses. 
Excessive  shrinkages  in  high  cost  materials  can  easily  occur  if  a  super- 
intendent is  in  a  hurry  to  get  out  a  large  tonnage.  Bad  weighing  of 
bags  can  lose  the  industry  hundreds  of  thousands  of  dollars  a  year." 


Mr.  Fred  S.  Lodge,  Assistant  Director  of  Manufacturing,  Armour 
Fertilizer  Works,  stated: 

******************* 

"A  large  sum  of  money  is  lost  annually  by  the  fertilizer  manufacturer 
through  insoluble  phosphoric  acid.  The  average  insoluble  phosphoric 
acid  found  by  the  state  chemist  of  one  of  our  middle  west  states  in  16 
per  cent,  acid  phosphate  was  1.2  per  cent.  This  represents  169  samples 
collected  from  some  56  manufacturers  shipping  48,000  tons  of  16  per 
cent,  acid  phosphate  into  the  state.  It  is  entirely  practical  to  manu- 
facture acid  phosphate  in  good  mechanical  condition  with  0.5  per  cent, 
insoluble  phosphoric  acid  or  even  less.  On  the  average  every  one  of  the 
48,000  tons  of  acid  phosphate  carried  a  loss  of  0.7  of  a  unit  of  phosphoric 
acid  or  33,600  units  equivalent  to  over  1000  tons  of  72  per  cent,  rock 
worth  say  $12  a  ton  delivered  or  $12,000.  The  only  extra  expense  to 
convert  this  1000  tons  of  rock  into  available  acid  phosphate  would  be 
the  cost  of  extra  sulphuric  acid  necessary  to  acidulate  and  it  is  reasonable 
to  assume  in  the  majority  of  cases  sufficient  acid  was  used  to  correctly 
acidulate  if  proper  chemical  control  had  been  exercised.  Furthermore 
these  48,000  tons  carried  also  an  average  overrun  of  0.8  per  cent,  available 
phosphoric  acid." 

CHEMICAL  CONTROL 

"Good  chemical  control  will  ship  acid  phosphate  with  not  over 
0.25  per  cent,  overrun.  This  excess  overrun  of  0.55  per  cent,  available 


Page  Three 


phosphoric  acid  on  the  48,000  tons  is  equivalent  to  26,400  units  or  1650 
tons  of  1 6  per  cent,  acid  phosphate.  At  a  factory  cost  of  say  $12  per 
ton  this  amounts  to  $19,800.  In  this  one  state  (not  a  particularly  large 
user  of  fertilizer  by  the  way)  in  one  brand  alone  $3 1 ,800  was  lost  to  the 
fertilizer  manufacturer.  This  loss  is  over  and  above  that  necessary  to 
insure  guarantees,  and  is  due  solely  to  inefficiency  and  lack  of  factory 
chemical  control.  Like  conditions  prevail  in  all  states." 

"Consider  the  number  of  fertilizer  consuming  states.  Think  of  the 
number  of  brands  sold  in  each.  Similar  losses  can  be  shown  for  the  other 
elements  of  plant  food.  In  one  of  our  largest  fertilizer  consuming  states 
the  average  overrun  in  commercial  valuation  of  the  16  largest  shippers 
was  found  by  the  state  chemist  to  be  $1.39  per  ton.  Over  a  million  tons 
were  shipped  into  this  state.  The  two  states  mentioned  above  are 
particularly  noted  for  the  accuracy  of  their  control  work  and  these 
results  are  accepted  as  authentic." 

LABOR 

"The  third  item  of  cost  is  the  one  of  labor.  Efficiency  has  become 
almost  a  slogan  in  American  factory  practice,  yet  it  is  just  in  its  infancy 
in  the  fertilizer  industry.  Too  many  fertilizer  superintendents  are  rule 
of  thumb  operators,  loathe  to  try  labor  saving  devices,  content  to  use 
men  where  machines  could  be  utilized  to  better  advantage.  Thirty-five 
men  was  a  standard  gang  for  a  mixing  unit,  often  fifty  were  employed. 
Ten  pickers  and  ten  shovelers  were  often  used  on  an  acid  phosphate  pile 
to  keep  one  mixing  machine  in  operation." 

"Three  men  with  five  pounds  of  dynamite  and  a  loading  machine 
or  one  or  two  men  with  a  power  shovel  can  now  do  the  same  work  with 
more  ease.  Furthermore,  the  hopper  on  the  loader  or  the  dipper  on  the 
shovel  permits  the  cart  man  to  obtain  a  full  load  at  once  without  waiting 
for  the  shovelers  to  load  him.  The  electric  dump  truck  with  one  operator 
takes  the  place  of  three  one-man  carts.  More  efficient  screens  and 
tailings  mills  eliminate  the  necessity  for  men  constantly  whipping  the 
screens." 

"Better  mechanical  condition  of  goods  also  helps  and  prevents 
blocking  of  elevators,  bridging  in  hoppers,  etc.,  all  of  which  require  labor 
as  well  as  loss  of  tonnage.  Automatic  Scales  and  Bag  Sewing  machines 
speed  up  output  and  eliminate  men.  Conveyors  and  Electric  Platform 
trucks  simplify  and  expedite  removal  of  bags  to  cars  and  replace  men." 


Page  four 


POWER  COST 

"Naturally  the  substitution  of  machinery  for  men  would  be  sup- 
posed to  increase  our  fourth  item  of  cost,  power.  However,  the  improve- 
ment in  machinery  may  be  used  to  offset  this  largely.  The  use  of  dust 
proof  roller  and  ball  bearing  equipment  has  greatly  reduced  the  friction 
load  on  modern  fertilizer  machinery  so  that  the  power  costs  on  a  modern 
crane  type  plant  are  little  in  excess  of  those  in  older  type  plants.  The 
power  necessary  to  operate  an  electric  truck  in  ordinary  service  should 
not  be  more  than  fifty  to  seventy-five  cents  a  day." 


HIDDEN  LOSSES 

"The  seventh  item  of  cost,  Hidden  Losses,  has  been  touched  on  in 
each  of  the  others.  Few  executives  have  a  true  conception  of  the  magni- 
tude of  the  summation  of  these  items.  Lack  of  proper  chemical  control 
is  the  most  common  and  probably  the  greatest  of  all  hidden  losses.  The 
work  should  start  with  the  purchase  of  the  proper  raw  materials,  follow 
their  receipt  into  the  factory  to  assure  the  billed  weights  and  analyses 
are  actually  received,  supervise  their  storage  for  accessible  location  and 
proper  segregation,  economically  formulate  the  brands  to  be  shipped, 
check  the  mixing  weights,  oversee  the  mixing  operation  and  check  the 
bag  weights  when  filled." 

CONCLUSION 

"The  shipping  department  of  a  factory  essentially  strives  for  tonnage. 
Unless  they  are  under  strict  supervision  for  chemical  control  accuracy  is 
very  likely  to  be  sacrificed  for  speed.  Proper  chemical  control  in  the 
acidulating  department  assures  acid  phosphate  of  good  mechanical 
condition  and  satisfactory  analysis,  so  no  direct  analytical  loss  is  suffered, 
nor  is  there  untold  hidden  loss  due  to  rehandling  sticky  goods,  digging 
out  blocked  elevators,  etc.,  and  eventually  satisfying  just  complaints  of 
rotten  bags  and  undrillable  goods." 

"If  factory  accounting  is  based  on  units  instead  of  pounds,  the 
question  of  moisture  shrinkage  will  be  eliminated  by  chemical  control, 
for  materials  will  be  analyzed  just  before  use  and  figured  on  actual  analysis 
and  not  on  an  analysis  on  which  they  were  purchased  months  before. 
In  fact,  chemical  control  properly  carried  out  assures  goods  of  satis- 
factory condition  and  of  the  guaranteed  analysis  reaching  the  consumer. 
State  analyses  consequently  will  not  demand  underrun  settlements  and 
the  sales  department  will  have  a  satisfied  customer  to  approach  for  repeat 
orders  "******************* 


Page  fine 


Acid  Phosphate  made  by  the  Sturtevant  Process  being  bagged  and  shipped  without  milling  or  screening 

Note  absence  of  lumps     (see  page  26) 


Page  six 


INTRODUCTORY 


For  thirty-nine  years  the  Sturtevant  Mill  Company  has  built  Fertilizer  Machinery, 
therefore  it  is  fair  to  assume  its  experience  has  value. 

Until  twelve  years  ago  its  efforts  were  principally  confined  to  the  United  States, 
but  since  that  time  it  has  been  in  close  touch  with  European  practice  through  its  Asso- 
ciates, the  Sturtevant  Engineering  Company  of  London  and  Paris,  who  have  specialized 
in  complete  fertilizer  equipment  with  the  result  that  Sturtevant  Machinery  is  as  well 
known  abroad  as  it  is  in  the  "States." 

In  most  respects  the  American  Manufacturer  is  far  ahead  of  his  foreign  cousins, 
but  conditions  are  not  the  same,  and  the  processes  are  dissimilar  except  as  applied  to 
the  manufacture  of  Acid  Phosphate  (Super)  in  which  respect  Great  Britain  and  Europe 
have  progressed  much  farther  than  America. 

The  development  in  this  process  abroad  will  be  a  revelation  to  the  uninitiated,  and 
as  The  Sturtevant  Mill  Company,  through  its  Associates,  has  designed  and  supplied 
the  machinery  largely  used  in  Great  Britain  and  Europe,  for  the  manufacture  of  Acid 
Phosphate  during  the  past  seven  years,  facts  can  be  stated  and  proven,  by  many  suc- 
cessful installations. 

The  Sturtevant  Mills  Co.'s  reason  for  delay  in  introducing  these  methods  into  the 
United  States  was  to  avoid  costly  experiments  to  American  friends,  and  to  thoroughly 
convince  itself  that  foreign  systems  were  not  only  suitable,  but  superior,  to  American 
methods. 

The  Manager  of  its  Engineering  Department,  who  is  well  versed  in  American  and 
Foreign  Fertilizer  manufacture,  has  made  extensive  trips  throughout  England,  Scot- 
land, Spain,  Belgium  and  Holland,  inspecting  not  only  the  various  Sturtevant  installa- 
tions, but  those  of  other  designs,  resulting  in  the  purchase  of  the  American  Patents  of 
the  Beskow  System,  which  is  second  only  to  the  Sturtevant-English  Process.  The 
Sturtevant  Mill  Company  is  now  in  a  position  to  use  the  best  features  of  each  of  these 
proven  methods  for  the  benefit  of  American  users. 

No  fertilizer  manufacturer  can  fail  to  be  interested  in  such  radical  improvements 
in  the  making  of  Acid  Phosphate,  which,  combined  with  other  Sturtevant  Devices,  are 
the  last  word  in  Fertilizer  Plants. 

This  book,  therefore,  is  devoted  to  Sturtevant  Fertilizer  Machinery  and  Equipment, 
the  result  of  brains,  initiative,  and  world-wide  experience,  which,  coupled  with 
Sturtevant  Engineering  and  Service,  places  this  Company  in  a  position  to  give  the 
Fertilizer  Manufacturer  the  best  at  reasonable  cost. 

First,  your  attention  is  called  to  a  complete  Fertilizer  Installation,  (shown  on  large 
folder  at  back  of  book)  of  all  steel,  Crane  Type  construction;  then  the  individual  Units 
and  Machines,  which  are  incorporated  in  this  plant. 

As  a  great  variety  of  Units  and  Equipment  is  used  to  suit  various  conditions,  only 
a  few  will  be  illustrated,  but  a  sufficient  number  to  give  an  idea  of  the  scope  of  Sturte- 
vant practice. 

The  Sturtevant  Mill  Company  not  only  build  Fertilizer  Machinery,  but  are  experts 
in  Plant  design,  and  supply  Engineering  Service  entirely  separate  from  its  manufacturing 
business.  They  design  complete  Plants,  or  any  part  thereof. 


Page  seven 


STURTEVANT 


FERTILIZER     PLANT 


DESCRIPTION 
(Open  folder  at  back  of  book  when  reading  this  description) 

The  Phosphate  Rock  is  received  in  Box  Cars,  from  which  it  is  removed  with  a 
Power  Shovel  (1)  directly  into  a  Swing  Sledge  Mill  (2)  which  crushes  the  rock  to  one 
inch  size  and  smaller.  If  Florida  Rock  is  used  no  crushing  is  needed  and  the  Mill  is 
not  operated,  the  rock  simply  by-passing  to  the  Elevator  (3)  which  delivers  it  to  the 
Silo  (4).  The  Silo  may  be  of  any  size,  the  one  shown  holding  1200  tons.  A  tunnel  is 
built  under  the  Silo,  the  roof  of  which  carries  the  weight  of  the  rock  in  storage.  This 
rock  is  drawn  off  through  the  sides  of  the  tunnel  in  several  places  by  Gates  (5)  and 
deposited  on  a  Belt  Conveyor  (6)  which  takes  it  to  the  Elevator  (7)  that  fills  the  Bin  (8) 
(holding  approximately  40  tons),  over  the  Ring-Roll  Mill  (9). 

Rock  from  this  Bin  is  fed  by  gravity,  controlled  by  a  Gate,  to  the  Ring- Roll  Mill 
(9),  where  it  is  pulverized  and  discharged  into  Elevator  (10)  leading  to  the  Air  Separator 
(11).  The  Separator  removes  the  fines  and  returns  the  oversize  through  a  Chute  (13) 
to  the  Mill  for  regrinding.  The  fines  drop  into  a  Screw  Conveyor  (12)  and  are  carried 
to  a  dust  Storage  Bin  (14)  holding  70  tons. 

A  Dust  Collecting  System  with  Filter  (15),  Exhaust  Fan  (16),  Piping  (17)  removes 
the  fine  dust  and  creates  a  suction,  where  needed,  to  keep  the  plant  clean,  the  dust  from 
the  Filter  being  discharged  into  the  dust  bin. 

A  Screw  Conveyor  (18)  runs  under  this  Dust  BLn  taking  the  dust  to  small  Elevator 
(19)  which  discharges  into  Screw  Conveyor  (20)  which  keeps  the  Scale  Hoppers  (21) 
full  of  dust.  Small  hoppers  are  used  over  the  automatic  scales  (22)  so  that  no  bridging 
or  clogging  can  occur  to  prevent  the  even  flow  necessary  to  accurate  automatic  weigh- 
ing. To  maintain  a  constant  "head"  above  the  scales  these  hoppers  are  constantly 
kept  full,  the  surplus  dust  being  carried  over  and  returned  to  the  dust  bin  by  another 
Screw  Conveyor  (23)  and  Chute. 

A  one-half  day's  supply  of  tempered  acid  is  kept  in  a  tank  (24)  above  the  auto- 
matic Acid  Scales  (25)  so  the  Mixer  operator's  whole  attention  is  confined  to  weighing, 
mixing  and  operating  the  Dens. 

Now  the  operator  simply  moves  two  levers,  one  for  acid  and  one  for  dust,  the  weights 
are  secured  automatically  and  both  charges  are  passed  into  the  Mixer  (26).  The  Mixer 
is  then  started,  the  mix  completed  and  the  charge  dumped  into  the  Den  (27).  The 
Mixer  is  then  ready  for  the  next  batch. 

When  the  Den  is  filled  the  material  therein  is  allowed  to  set  for  about  fifteen  minutes 
before  the  sides  (28)  are  loosened,  the  door  (28A)  raised,  and  the  cutting  and  aerating 
mechanism  (29)  started.  This  machinery  is  Automatic  and  discharges  the  finely  flaked 
shavings  of  aerated  acid  phosphate  onto  the  Pan  Conveyors  (30)  which  parallel  the  Den 
sides,  and  deposit  the  finished  Phosphate,  without  mulling,  into  a  Pit  (31)  ready  for 
the  Crane. 

When  two  Dens  are  used  the  operator  is  free  to  go  to  the  second  Den  after  the  last 
charge  is  dumped  from  the  Mixer  into  the  first  Den,  because  a  helper  is  the  only  man 
necessary  to  cut  out,  or  ex-den,  each  machine.  The  helper  is  not  needed  for  the  weighing, 
mixing  or  Den  filling  operations.  Therefore  three  men,  the  operator  and  two  helpers, 
are  all  the  labor  required  to  run  two  machines. 


Page  eight 


ALL    STURTEVANT    FERTILIZER    PLANT 

...  .    ..:.  . 


Fumes,  generated  by  the  chemical  re-action  in  Den,  pass  through  the  duct  (32) 
into  a  dry  fume  chamber  (33)  where  much  of  the  solids  are  deposited,  the  remainder 
passing  through  the  special  wood  constructed  Exhauster  Fan  (34)  which  blows  these 
gases  into  a  series  of  water  sprayed  compartments  in  Chamber  (35),  the  cleaned  and 
scrubbed  air  passing  out  of  flue  (36),  the  water  discharging  through  pipe  (37). 

The  finished,  sliced  and  aerated  Phosphate  is  picked  up  by  the  Grab  Bucket  (38), 
operated  by  the  Crane  (39),  and  deposited  in  storage  piles. 

Acid  Phosphate,  when  bag  shipments  are  desired,  is  placed  by  the  Crane  in 
Hopper  (40),  Filler  in  Hopper  (41)  and  Scales  (42)  beneath  these  Hoppers  control  the 
weights  of  the  materials. 

The  Shipping  Unit  (43)  is  used  for  Milling,  Screening  and  Sacking  this  Acid  Phos- 
phate. It  can  also  be  used  for  Shipping  conditioned  complete  goods. 

Unit  (44)  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  building  is  used  for  bulk  shipments  and  is 
similar  in  operation  to  (43). 

Hoppers  (45)  are  for  the  various  ingredients  used  in  making  either  base  or  complete 
goods.  Each  Hopper  is  filled  by  the  Crane  with  the  materials  desired.  Unit  (46)  is  a 
Basing  Unit,  or  a  Mixing  and  Shipping  Unit  for  Complete  Goods.  When  used  for 
basing,  the  materials  are  returned  to  the  main  bay  by  Belt  Conveyor  (47)  for  the  Crane 
to  pile.  When  used  for  Shipping,  the  sacking  arrangements  shown,  suffice. 

Unit  (48)  is  a  Shipping  Machine,  in  all  respects  similar  to  (43)  and  is  used  for  sack- 
ing and  shipping  Complete  Goods. 

Crane  (49)  is  employed  to  assist  in  filling  the  various  Hoppers  and  to  carry  away 
and  pile  the  base  goods  when  made. 

Space  reserved  for  Foreman's  office  (50). 


Page  nine 


RECEIVING,    UNLOADING,    CRUSHING    AND    STORING    OF    ROCK 


Phosphate  Rock,  being  used  in  large  quantities,  is  handled  mechanically  to  reduce 
labor  costs,  and  its  storage  concentrated  to  economize  space. 

UNLOADING — POWER  SHOVEL 

Any  grade  of  Phosphate  Rock,  with  the  exception  of  the  very  large  pieces  of  Tenne- 
see  Blue,  is  economically  unloaded  from  Box  Cars  by  means  of  a  Power  Shovel.  By 
this  method,  one  man  can  unload  a  car  in  less  than  one  hour.  If  hopper  bottom  cars 
are  used  a  slight  change  in  the  unloading  arrangements  can  be  effected  to  serve  equally 
well. 

When  rock  is  received  in  boats,  grab  buckets  and  electric  overhead  cars  are  employed 
to  advantage. 

When  the  rock  is  removed  from  the  Car  or  Boat  it  must  be  stored,  (also  crushed, 
if  lump  rock  is  used).  Rock  storage  is  arranged,  therefore,  to  allow  for  economy  in 
crushing,  if  this  is  required,  placing  in  storage,  also  for  mechanically  removing  from 
storage  and  delivering  to  the  Grinding  Unit. 

CRUSHING 

A  Sturtevant  Swing  Sledge  Mill,  hoppered  to  receive  the  rock  directly  from  the 
Power  Shovel,  is  used  for  crushing  lump  rock.  This  Mill  is  of  the  Open  Door,  accessible 
type,  heavily  lined,  and  carrying  coarse  grate  bars  which  form  the  bottom  and  act  as  a 
rough  sizing  Screen,  (to  !")• 

Operated  at  one  half  the  usual  speed,  this  machine  is  peculiarly  well  adapted  to 
this  preliminary  work  owing  to  its  reliability,  low  head  room,  large  capacity,  free  dis- 
charge, difficulty  in  clogging,  even  product,  quick  and  easy  accessibility,  low  power 
and  small  upkeep. 

The  Mill  discharges  into  an  Elevator  of  equal  capacity  to  that  of  the  Power  Shovel 
and  Mill. 

The  unloading  arrangements  embody  provision  for  by-passing  the  Mill,  when  rock 
requiring  no  crushing,  such  as  Florida  Pebble,  is  used. 

SILO  STORAGE 

Several  methods  may  be  employed  for  storing  the  rock. 

When  possible,  the  Silo  type  is  preferred,  because  less  ground  area  is  occupied  than 
when  storing  the  same  quantity  on  the  ground  floor  of  a  building.  Further,  a  Belt 
Conveyor  placed  in  a  tunnel  under  the  Silo,  easily  reclaims  the  major  portion  of  stored 
rock  and  requires  little  labor. 

Rock  piled  on  the  ground,  by  means  of  an  overhead  Conveyor  or  Car,  which 
inexpensively  places  it  in  storage,  cannot  be  readily  or  cheaply  reclaimed.  If  a  Conveyor 
of  any  kind  is  placed  under  such  a  pile,  the  ground  area  is  so  great  that  only  a  small 
percentage  is  automatically  reclaimed,  and  the  balance  requires  hand  labor  for  trimming. 

Storing  rock  in  piles  around  the  building  is  both  expensive  to  place  and  to  reclaim, 
as  much  labor  is  necessary  for  both  operations. 

The  Silo  is  the  cheapest  form  of  bin  for  its  capacity,  and  can  be  duplicated  when 
increased  storage  is  needed. 


Page  ten 


Sturtevant  Power  Shovel 
For  Unloading  Rock  from  Cars 


Sturtevant  Swing  Sledge  Mill 
For  the  Preliminary  Crushing  and  Sizing  of  Lump  Rock 


Page  eleven 


Unloading,  Crushing,  Sizing  and  Storage  Unit 


Page  twelve 


Sturtevant  Ring-Roll  Mill  and  Air  Separator  Rock  Grinding  Unit  with  Dust  Collecting  Syste 


Page  thirteen 


PHOSPHATE     ROCK    GRINDING 


The  grinding  of  Phosphate  Rock  is  an  important  item  in  the  manufacture  of  Fer- 
tilizer, therefore  has  led  to  the  development  of  many  types  of  grinding  mills,  more  or 
less  successfully  used,  for  this  purpose. 

As  the  rock  must  be  screened  or  separated  after  grinding,  to  produce  the  required 
fine,  uniform  dust,  this  feature  is  equally  important  to  that  of  grinding. 

The  necessarily  insufficient  screen  area  of  internal  screen  mills  does  not  permit  of 
the  free  discharge  of  finished  dust  as  fast  as  made.  In  consequence  much  effort  is 
wasted  and  action  cushioned  by  the  grinding  members  working  upon  material  already 
of  the  proper  fineness,  but  which  cannot  escape.  Therefore  small  capacity,  large  Horse 
Power  per  ton  of  rock  ground,  excessive  upkeep  and  clogging,  due  to  damp  rock  blinding 
the  meshes  of  the  fine  screens,  have  resulted  in  the  practical  elimination  of  such  machines. 

To  overcome  these  objections  other  mills  were  developed,  using  large  independent 
screens, entirely  separate  from  the  grinding  mill.  This  system  consists  of  a  Pulverizer, 
a  Circulating  Elevator  and  a  Screen.  The  rock  passes  through  the  Mill,  up  the  Elevator 
and  over  the  Screen,  where  the  fines  are  removed,  and  the  oversize  is  returned  to  the 
mill  for  further  reduction. 

The  maintenance  of  Screens,  however,  proved  expensive,  as  frequent  renewals  of 
the  screen  cloth  were  necessary  to  prevent  leakage.  The  moisture  element  was  also 
objectionable,  as  the  best  of  fine  screens  coat  over  and  require  constant  brushing  to  main- 
tain capacities. 

Grinding  Mills  have  not  been  materially  changed,  but  Air  Separators  have  been 
developed  to  overcome  screen  troubles. 

. 

The  Sturtevant  Ring-Roll  Mill — Air  Separator  Grinding  Unit  stands  pre-eminent 
for  producing  uniformly  fine  Phosphate  Rock  at  minimum  expense. 

OPEN  DOOR  RING-ROLL  MILL 

The  Sturtevant  Ring-Roll  Mill  is  extensively  used  wherever  Phosphate  Rock  is 
ground.  It  is  a  machine  of  the  vertical  ring  and  roll  type,  slow  speed,  durable,  of  rug- 
ged construction,  and  cannot  be  equalled  for  dependability,  accessibility,  large  ca- 
pacity, small  power  and  low  upkeep. 

It  grinds  by  enormous  pressures  exerted  by  powerful  spring-pressed  rolls  against 
a  layer  of  rock  fed  to  the  inner  surface  of  a  revolving  ring  and  held  thereon  by  the 
centrifugal  force  generated  by  the  ring's  rotations.  The  material  crushes  and  grinds 
upon  itself  and,  as  there  is  no  slip  or  rub  to  either  ring  or  rolls,  durability  is  assured. 

Ring-Roll  Mills  run  smoothly,  quietly  and  almost  without  vibration.  They  are 
built  on  the  "Open  Door"  principle  for  accessibility.  Opening  this  door,  the  work  of  a 
few  minutes,  exposes  the  whole  interior  for  inspection  or  replacement  of  ring  or  rolls, 
its  only  wearing  parts  of  importance,  which  last  several  years. 

The  drive  is  by  single  belt  or,  if  preferred,  by  motor,  direct  connected  to  the  mill, 
with  a  silent  chain  running  in  oil. 

For  Specifications  see  page  79 


Page  fourteen 


Open  Door  Ring-Roll  Mill  for  Pulverizing  Phosphate  Rock 

Patented 


Page  fifteen 


PHOSPHATE    ROCK    GRINDING 


OPEN  DOOR  ELEVATORS 

The  product  discharged  from  the  mill  falls  into  an  All  Steel  Sturtevant  Elevator  of 
the  chain  and  bucket  type,  designed  for  this  installation. 

These  Elevators  are  built  with  steel  casings,  well  re-enforced,  and  with  large  clean- 
outs,  or  inspection  doors,  conveniently  located  for  quick  accessibility,  and  being  self 
contained  permit  prompt,  easy  and  cheap  installation.  Steel  encased  Elevators,  care- 
fully made,  prevent  the  escape  of  dust,  are  fire-proof,  more  durable  and  much  more 
satisfactory  than  those  of  wooden  construction. 

Built  with  split  head  casings,  self-cleaning  boots,  geared  heads,  self-aligning  ball 
and  socket  bearings,  they  are  fool  proof  and  power  savers.  Automatic  spring  ten- 
sion take-ups  act  as  a  relief  to  prevent  chain  breakage,  and  automatically  keep  the 
chain  taut. 

For  specifications  see  page  58 
STURTEVANT  AIR  SEPARATOR 

From  the  Elevator  the  ground  rock  is  discharged  into  a  Sturtevant  Air  Separator. 

This  machine  has  been  developed  to  produce  a  fine,  uniform  grade  of  Phosphate 
Rock  Dust  and  to  eliminate  the  usual  difficulties  inherent  to  Screens. 

The  principle  of  air  separation  is  the  passing  of  a  current  of  air  through  a  thin, 
falling  stream  of  material,  at  the  required  velocity  to  obtain  the  degree  of  fineness 
wanted  and  to  then  separate  the  dust  from  the  air. 

In  the  Sturtevant  Air  Separator  centrifugal  force  is  also  employed  to  retard  the 
coarser  material,  causing  re-action  against  the  air  velocity  and  thereby  insuring  cleaner 
separation. 

The  material  is  fed  onto  a  revolving  plate  which  centrifugally  distributes  it  in  a 
thin  stream,  through  which  a  strong  air  current  is  passed,  removing  all  of  the  fine  material 
and  thus  a  partial  separation  is  accomplished. 

This  product  is  whirled  spirally  upward  by  the  Fan  suction:  the  coarser  particles, 
being  more  strongly  acted  upon  by  centrifugal  force,  are  held  within  an  inverted  conical 
chamber,  thus  being  prevented  from  following  the  fines,  or  dust,  which  pass  upward 
and  out  with  the  air,  through  a  large  slow-speed  fan,  which  carries  them  into  a  second 
Cylindrical  compartment.  The  dust  is  herein  again  rapidly  whirled  by  the  Fan  blast 
and  the  increased  centrifugal  force  thus  created  is  sufficient  to  cause  the  fine  particles 
to  cling  to  the  exterior  walls  of  this  chamber,  gradually  working  spirally  downward  by 
gravity. 

A  series  of  adjustable,  tangentially  arranged  vanes  surround  the  inner  cylinder  in 
the  path  of  the  return  air  current,  and  accelerate  the  already  strong  centrifugal  effect, 
allowing  the  air  to  enter,  but  repelling  the  dust  particles,  which  settle  into  a  cone-shaped 
discharge  hopper. 

The  same  air  is  used  indefinitely,  the  volume  remains  constant,  and  the  desired 
fineness  of  product  is  obtained  by  regulating  the  Fan  speed  and  adjusting  the  openings 
between  the  vanes. 

From  6  to  10  Horse  Power  is  all  that  is  required  to  operate  any  size  Separator. 

For  specifications  see  page  79 


Page  sixteen 


Sturtevant  Open  Door  Elevator 

Patented— Patents  Pending 


Page  scccnlcen 


PHOSPHATE    ROCK    GRINDING 


The  separated  dust,  now  of  required  fineness,  and  deposited  or  settled  in  the  dis- 
charge cone  is  carried  away  to  storage.  The  coarse,  or  rejected,  particles  are  returned 
to  the  Ring-Roll  Mill  for  regrinding.  The  air  current  is  of  low  velocity,  consequently 
little  power  is  used  and  the  upkeep  is  small.  The  use  of  an  Air  current  for  separating 
tends  to  dry  the  material,  therefore,  rock  of  higher  moisture  content  can  be  ground  with 
less  trouble  than  when  screens  are  used. 

The  No.  1  Ring-Roll  Mill  and  Air  Separator  Unit  requires  from  35  to  40  H.P. 

CAPACITY 

Tennessee  Rock  Florida  Pebble 

60  mesh  4-5  tons  per  hour  3-4  tons  per  hour 

80  mesh  3-4  tons  per  hour  2^-3  tons  per  hour 

The  No.  2  Ring-Roll  Mill  and  Air  Separator  Unit  requires  from  60  to  70  H.P. 

CAPACITY 

Tennessee  Rock  Florida  Pebble 

60  mesh  8-10  tons  per  hour  6-8  tons  per  hour 

80  mesh  6-8    tons  per  hour  5-6  tons  per  hour 

The  No.  2  Duplex  Ring-Roll  Mill  and  Air  Separator  Unit  requires  from  120-130  H.  P. 

CAPACITY 

Tennessee  Rock  Florida  Pebble 

60  mesh  16-20  tons  per  hour  12-16  tons  per  hour 

80  mesh  12-16  tons  per  hour  10-12  tons  per  hour 

The  capacities  will  vary  according  to  the  grade  of  rock  ground,  its  size  and  moisture 
content  and  are  therefore  averages  only. 

Phosphate  Rock  should  be  ground  to  a  sufficient  fineness  lo  allow  the  acid  to  quickly 
penetrate  to  the  center  of  the  particles  and  to  eliminate  the  small  black  specks  sometimes 
found,  as  they  delay  re-action. 

A  fineness  of  90  per  cent  through  an  80  mesh  screen  as  produced  by  an  Air  Separator, 
gives  a  uniform  grade,  free  from  black  specks,  and  requires  a  minimum  amount  of  acid. 
Finer  grinding  is  sometimes  advocated  as  a  means  of  saving  acid,  but  this  is  done  at 
greatly  added  expense  of  power,  maintenance  and  capacity.  Sturtevant  methods  of 
mixing  ground  dust,  of  the  above  fineness,  with  acid,  produce  as  much  saving  in  acid 
and  make  a  better  conditioned  phosphate  than  when  finer  grinding  and  less  efficient 
methods  are  employed  and  do  it  at  a  lower  cost  per  ton. 

Here  is  where  the  first  real  saving  occurs  in  the  Sturtevant  Process  of  acidulating. 
It  costs  approximately  twice  as  much  to  grind  to  90%  100  mesh  as  it  does  90%  80 
mesh,  as  the  output  of  the  mill  is  only  one-half  when  grinding  to  this  fineness,  and 
the  power,  and  wear  and  tear  is  the  same.  With  the  Sturtevant  Acidulating  System 
there  is  no  advantage  in  using  dust  finer  than  90-92%  80  mesh. 


Page  eighteen 


•  •!•••!  •  —...»,. 


Sturtevant  Air  Separator 

Patented — Patents  Pending 


Page  nineteen 


'  .  ^  .    -_    .    - 


PHOSPHATE    ROCK    GRINDING 


The  Phosphate  dust  should  now  be  conveyed  to  a  storage  bin,  preferably  placed  on 
the  ground.  The  bin  should  be  of  sufficient  capacity  to  contain  one  day's  supply  of 
dust  so  that  in  case  of  a  shut-down  in  the  grinding  department  the  acidulating  unit  can 
continue  working. 

The  handling  of  the  dust  to  the  Acidulating  Unit  is  described  elsewhere  in  this 
book. 

DUST  COLLECTING  SYSTEM 

Preventing  the  escape  of  dust  in  a  Grinding  Plant  has  obvious  advantages:  Saving 
of  dust,  which  has  a  money  value,  cleanliness,  better  working  conditions,  elimination 
of  bearing  troubles  and  wear,  and  reduction  of  moisture  in  rock  being  ground,  due  to 
the  drying  effect  of  air  suction. 

The  Sturtevant  Dust  Collecting  System  is  simple  and  comparatively  inexpensive. 
By  tapping  and  piping  the  heads  of  three  Elevators,  connecting  these  pipes  with  a 
Filter,  and  using  an  Exhaust  Fan,  a  sufficient  suction  is  created  throughout  the  system 
to  collect  the  fine  dust,  which  would  otherwise  escape,  and  place  it  in  the  ground  rock 
bin. 


Sturtevant  Dust  Filter 

Patented 


Page  twenty 


ACID    PHOSPHATE 


The  steel  plate  Fan,  especially  designed  for  this  service,  discharges  horizontally, 
at  either  right  or  left,  or  vertically,  at  either  top  or  bottom,  as  desired;  the  pulley  can 
also  be  arranged  for  either  right  or  left  hand  drive  to  suit  conditions. 

The  dust  passes  into  an  Automatic  Bag  Filter  wherein  the  air  is  cleansed,  the  dust 
being  deposited  on  the  bags,  the  air  passing  through  the  cloth  texture  of  these  bags  and 
out  by  way  of  a  duct  through  a  Fan  which  exhausts  it  into  the  atmosphere.  Nothing 
passes  through  the  Fan  but  clean  air. 

At  frequent  and  alternating  intervals  each  section  of  bag  filters  is  closed,  the  air 
current  reversed,  and  the  bags  shaken  to  remove  the  adhering  dust,  which  falls  into  the 
hopper  below.  These  actions  are  accomplished  simultaneously  and  automatically,  by 
a  single,  simple  mechanism  and  require  no  labor.  The  accumulated  dust  is  deposited 
by  gravity  in  the  rock  dust  bin. 

Only  three  Horse  Power  is  required  to  operate  this  Unit. 

SULPHURIC  ACID 

The  acid  used,  if  obtained  from  the  plant's  own  chambers,  should  be  sent  to  the 
Acidulating  Unit  Supply  Tank  of  correct  Be.  and  temperature. 

If  obtained  from  Tank  Cars  it  should  be  drawn  off  into  a  Storage  Tank  to  prevent 
delay  in  unloading.  An  open  tempering  tank,  holding  a  sufficient  amount  for  at 
least  y<i  day's  requirements,  should  be  provided,  into  which  the  acid  is  placed,  and  the 
corrections  made  to  bring  it  to  the  proper  strength  and  temperature. 

A  Be.  reading  of  53°  at  a  temperature  of  60'  Fahrenheit  is  the  proper  Standard. 
Good  results  have  been  obtained  with  an  actual  temperature  of  85 D  Fahrenheit  Acid, 
also  with  hot  acid,  up  to  ISO3  Fahrenheit.  Using  a  higher  temperature  Acid  with 
Florida  Rock  assists  in  throwing  off  the  Fluorine  Gas,  which  is  very  desirable,  especially 
in  plants  using  Fluo-Recovery  Systems.  Cold  Acid  does  not  prevent  the  proper  rise 
in  temperature  in  the  Den,  and  the  elimination  of  water  and  steam  is  as  successfully 
accomplished  as  when  hot  acid  is  used,  due  to  efficient  mixing  and  aerating  of  the 
Phosphate  as  it  leaves  the  Den. 

• 

ACID  PHOSPHATE 

Acid  Phosphate  manufacture  is  a  subject  that  appeals  to  all  in  the  Fertilizer 
business  because  this  material  is  most  used,  causes  the  most  trouble,  and  is  the  source  of 
the  greatest  expense.  The  Fertilizer  Manufacturer  therefore  is  interested  in  any  improve- 
ment in  the  production  of  Acid  Phosphate  that  will  lower  its  cost  and  better  its  mechan- 
ical condition.  The  use  of  sulphuric  acid  is  responsible  for  its  comparatively  high 
first  cost,  and  is  the  cause  of  excessive  maintenance  and  depreciation  of  plant  and 
equipment.  It  is  an  important  factor  in  the  design  of  a  new  plant,  and  must  be  properly 
considered  in  relation  to  the  balance  of  the  factory. 

Before  describing  the  Sturtevant  process  of  Acid  Phosphate  manufacture  it  may 
prove  interesting,  as  well  as  instructive,  to  many,  to  give  a  brief  history  of  this  important 
department  of  the  Fertilizer  Industry. 


Page  twenly-one 


HISTORY    OF    ACID    PHOSPHATE    MANUFACTURE 


In  the  earlier  methods  of  making  Acid  Phosphate,  simply  a  Mixer  of  some  form 
was  used,  with  the  necessary  boxes  or  scales  for  weighing  or  measuring  the  dust  and 
acid.  The  material  from  the  Mixer  was  usually  discharged  into  a  hand-propelled  car, 
which  was  pushed  into  the  storage  building,  at  an  elevation,  and  the  phosphate  dropped 
onto  an  open  pile  within  a  building,  where  it  remained  until  re-action  was  sufficiently 
complete  to  allow  it  to  be  used.  It  was  then  shoveled  or  picked  out,  passed  through  a 
Shipping  Machine,  bagged  and  sent  away.  It  was  soon  discovered  that  objectionable 
fumes  were  liberated,  which  passed  through  the  building,  and  the  surrounding  neighbor- 
hood, causing  deterioration  to  plant  and  equipment,  and  was  a  source  of  serious  com- 
plaints from  neighbors.  It  was  later  discovered  that  chemical  re-action  was  hastened 
by  the  greater  amount  of  heat  generated,  if  the  material  was  placed  in  enclosed  piles 
and  left  for  a  time  before  going  to  storage. 

This  led  to  the  introduction  of  the  Den,  or  Box,  which  was  either  of  wood  or  con- 
crete construction,  with  a  Mixer  placed  on  top,  and  a  Fan  attached  to  draw  off  the  gases, 
formed  by  chemical  re-action.  This  Den,  or  Box,  was  located  on  the  ground,  and  was 
emptied  by  means  of  picks  and  shovels,  through  a  door  in  one  side.  The  usual  method 
was  to  install  a  pair  of  these  boxes,  alternately  filling  one  while  emptying  the  other. 
Attempts  were  also  made  to  remove  and  condense,  by  water  sprays,  the  obnoxious 
fumes  formed  by  the  chemical  re-action. 

For  a  great  many  years  the  only  change  in  this  method  was  in  the  manner  of 
excavating.  In  some  instances  the  Dens  were  elevated,  and  by  means  of  a  slot  across 
the  bottom,  covered  with  loose  boards,  the  men  were  enabled  to  discharge  the  contents 
through  this  slot  into  an  Elevator  placed  between  the  two  Dens.  In  order  to  avoid 
elevating  the  Dens,  another  method  consisted  of  Conveyors  placed  underneath  the 
slots  which  carried  the  acid  phosphate  tc  a  common  point  where  it  could  be  elevated. 

The  inability  to  get  men  to  stay  in  these  Dens  long  enough  to  empty  them,  especi- 
ally in  hot  weather,  caused  the  development  of  Mechanical  Excavators  in  the  form 
of  electrically  operated  shovels,  or  scoop  buckets,  to  reduce  the  number  of  men,  but 
the  use  of  the  slot  and  Conveyor,  continued. 

Of  necessity  these  Dens  were  very  heavily  constructed,  owing  to  the  swelling  and 
pushing  effect  of  the  acid  phosphate  while  in  the  Den,  and  were  not  only  costly  to  build, 
but  expensive  to  maintain. 

Only  of  late  have  there  been  any  extensive  changes  or  improvements  in  these  meth- 
ods of  manufacturing  acid  phosphate. 

The  comparatively  recent  use  of  the  Electric  Overhead  Traveling  Crane  for 
handling  the  material  in  and  out  of  the  main  storage  building,  was  responsible  for  the 
employment  of  the  same  Crane  for  emptying  the  Dens.  This  resulted  in  constructing 
an  open  top  Den,  either  of  round  or  square  form,  with  a  movable  cover,  and  traveling 
Mixer.  By  this  change  the  Mixer  could  be  moved  out  of  the  way,  the  Crane  with  its 
bucket  passing  over  the  Den  could  remove  the  cover,  pick  up  the  material  from  the 
Den  and  deposit  it  in  the  storage  building.  This  process,  however,  requires  a  very 
heavy,  expensive  steel  building  and  therefore  is  not  adaptable  to  the  majority  of  plants 
as  now  constructed. 


Page  twenty-two 


y  ' 

' 


Photograph  of  Acid  Phosphate  Removed  from  Sturtevant  Den  after  Fifteen  Minutes  set 

(Three  times  actual  size) 


Page  twenty-three 


HISTORY    OF    ACID    PHOSPHATE    MANUFACTURE 


In  Europe,  hand-operated  Dens  are  seldom  used,  having  been  displaced  by  various 
types  of  Mechanical  Excavators  of  which  two,  the  Beskow  and  Sturtevant,  have  proved 
greatly  superior  to  the  others  as  evidenced  by  the  fact  that  during  the  past  few  years 
these  systems  have  been  installed  to  the  practical  exclusion  of  other  processes. 

All  other  systems  cut  within  a  closed  chamber  and  do  no  aerating,  which  is  vital 
to  success,  but  must  depend  upon  an  auxiliary  rasping  chamber  to  granulate  and  aerate 
the  phosphate,  which  means  two  handlings,  at  much  added  initial  and  maintenance 
expense,  and  unnecessary  complication. 

No  system  can  be  really  satisfactory  unless  it  cuts  in  the  open  with  a  strong  air 
draught  for  carrying  off  the  steam,  and  eliminates  scraping,  rubbing  or  mulling  of  the 
acid  phosphate,  so  that  the  finished  product  will  be  in  a  dry,  and  good  mechanical 
(granular)  condition. 

The  American  Patents  for  the  Beskow,  Ekedahl  and  Sturtevant  Systems  are 
controlled  by  the  Sturtevant  Mill  Company,  who  are  free,  therefore,  to  combine  the  best 
features  of  each  in  the  American  Sturtevant  System. 

As  stated  in  the  Introduction,  the  Sturtevant  Mill  Company  for  thirty-nine  years 
has  been  vitally  interested  in  the  manufacture  of  all  forms  of  Fertilizer  and  Fertilizer 
plant  equipment.  (Its  President,  Mr.  Thomas  L.  Sturtevant,  with  the  late  Mr.  W.  H. 
Bowker,  founded  the  Bowker  Fertilizer  Company,  and  for  many  years  was  actively 
engaged  in  the  Fertilizer  business.)  It  has  developed  the  Ring-Roll  Mill  Unit  for  the 
grinding  of  Phosphate  Rock,  various  machinery  and  units  for  mixing,  grinding  and 
shipping,  also  Labor  Saving  Devices  for  handling  and  treating  ingredients  used  in  the 
fertilizer  plant.  The  Acidulating  department,  however,  has  not  until  recently  been 
supplied  by  it,  for  the  reason  that  this  important  feature,  for  the  past  seven  years,  was 
being  developed  in  England  and  Europe  by  its  Associates  the  Sturtevant  Engineering 
Company  of  London  and  Paris. 

The  history  of  Acid  Phosphate  in  Europe  has  travelled  along  nearly  the  same  lines 
as  in  America,  except  that,  for  some  years,  hand-operated  Dens  of  the  type  employed 
in  this  country  have  been  replaced  by  Mechanical  Excavators  of  various  forms,  as 
previously  described.  European  conditions  and  methods  are  such  that  large  build- 
ings are  not  used,  or  required;  in  fact  new  buildings  are  put  up  with  much  less  fre- 
quency than  in  America.  It  was  therefore  obligatory  to  develop  means  whereby,  with 
great  economy  of  space,  large  quantities  of  Acid  Phosphate  could  be  pro- 
duced cheaply.  Though  the  pre-war  cost  of  common  labor  was  much  less  than  in 
America,  nevertheless  Europeans  watched  the  pennies  much  more  closely  than  did 
Americans,  and  the  saving  of  labor  meant  and  still  means  much  to  them.  The 
Sturtevant  Engineering  Company  having  used  various  types  of  American,  British  and 
other  European  apparatus,  were  in  position  to  design,  build  and  install  an  acidulating 
system,  which  has  proven  superior  to  any  of  the  other  forms  now  or  heretofore  em- 
ployed, and  it  is  so  recognized  among  Fertilizer  Manufacturers  abroad. 

When  the  Sturtevant  Mill  Company  became  convinced  that  the  Sturtevant -English 
Process  was  thoroughly  perfected,  and  no  longer  an  experiment,  it  again  investigated 
European  conditions  to  finally  ascertain  if  these  devices  were  ready  to  be  introduced 
to  the  American  Manufacturer. 


Paje  tuenly-four 


twenty-five 


STURTEVANT    ACIDULATING    UNIT 


With  this  in  view  it  requested  the  Chief  Engineer  of  the  Sturtevant  Engineering 
Company  to  visit  America.  While  here  he  was  courteously  shown  many  American 
plants  and  methods.  The  Sturtevant  Mill  Company  then  sent  an  Engineer  to 
Europe,  who  thoroughly  investigated  the  processes  used  in  England,  Scotland  and 
other  European  Countries  where  acid  phosphate  is  extensively  made,  studying  methods, 
types  of  apparatus,  and  conditions.  The  conclusions  reached  were  that  foreign  Acid 
Phosphate  was  better,  cheaper  and  superior  in  mechanical  condition  to  that  made  in 
America,  and  showed  ample  reasons  why  it  should  be  better,  and  that  there  was  no 
reason  why  Americans  could  not  make  the  equivalent,  or  even  higher  grade,  Acid  Phos- 
phate than  that  made  in  Europe,  by  employing  similar  methods. 

The  Sturtevant  Mill  Company  is  therefore  now  prepared  to  furnish  the  Sturtevant 
Acidulating  Unit,  designed  to  suit  American  Plants,  and  manufactured  exclusively  by 
this  Company,  which  will  produce  acid  phosphate,  at  a  cost  and  of  a  quality  previously 
unknown  in  this  Country,  that  is  in  a  dry,  granular  condition,  with  a  minimum 
of  insoluble.  It  can  do  this  without  the  use  of  men  for  ex-dening,  or  carrying  the  acid 
phosphate  to  storage  building.  A  Mixer  operator  and  helper  are  the  only  men  required 
to  weigh,  mix,  excavate  and  Carry  to  storage  the  output  of  the  acidulating  unit. 


Acid  Phosphate  being  bagged  and  shipped  direct  from  the  storage  pile  without  screening  or  milling 


Page  twenty-six 


STURTEVAN1     ACIDULATING    UNIT 


To  illustrate  the  unusually  dry,  granular  and  fine  condition  of  the  Acid 
Phosphate  made  by  the  Sturtevant  process  it  may  be  said  that  abroad  this  material 
is  bagged  directly  from  the  storage  pile  and  shipped  without  screening  or  pulverizing, 
as  shown  in  picture  opposite. 

Kvery  Fertilizer  Manufacturer  appreciates  what  this  means  all  along  the  .line. 
Mixing  Units  and  Bagging  Machines  will  turn  out  more  tonnage  owing  to  the  absence 
of  lumps,  thus  eliminating  shut-downs  and  greatly  reducing  the  shipping  and  handling 
costs  per  ton. 

Through  efficient  methods  of  quick,  accurate  and  automatic  mixing  and  weighing, 
acid  is  saved  without  the  necessity  of  finer  grinding  than  90  per  cent  through  80  mesh. 
Thus  grinding  costs  are  minimum.  Excessively  fine  grinding  is  not  necessary  to  produce 
superior  quality  acid  phosphate  when  using  the  Sturtevant  System.  Some  manu- 
facturers are  inclined  to  feel  that  very  fine  rock  is  essential,  even  at  a  high  grinding  and 
maintenance  cost  per  ton.  The  resultant  saving  in  acid  and  the  possible  quickening  of 
the  re-action  in  the  pile  are  given  as  the  principal  reasons.  Inaccurate  weighing  of  acid 
and  rock,  inefficient  mixing  and  ventilation  are  the  real  reasons  for  fine  grinding,  which 
to  some  extent  compensate  for  the  above  deficiencies.  It  is,  however,  more  of  an  ex- 
cuse than  a  reason.  The  Sturtevant  System,  with  moderately  fine  rock,  makes  the 
same  saving  of  acid  and  produces  a  far  superior  grade  of  acid  phosphate,  in  much  better 
mechanical  condition,  with  lower  insoluble,  and  at  greatly  reduced  cost  per  unit. 

The  formula  is  carried  out  rapidly  and  accurately  by  the  use  of  Automatic  Ma- 
chinery, which  leaves  nothing  to  the  guess  or  judgment  of  operators.  The  main- 
tenance, power,  labor  and  depreciation  expenses  are  reasonable.  The  floor  space 
occupied  will  compare  favorably  with  any  present  method.  It  does  not  necessarily 
require  a  new  building,  as  old  buildings  for  making  Acid  Phosphate  by  any  method 
can  be  readily  adapted  to  this  improved  acidulating  unit  without  extensive  changes. 
Whether  or  not  buildings  are  of  the  gravity  type,  whether  Dens  are  located  on  the 
ground  or  elevated,  whether  of  the  silo  .or  the  square  pocket  type  emptied  by  a  Crane, 
the  Sturtevant  Unit  can  be  placed  therein,  and  acid  phosphate  can  be  manufactured 
cheaper,  and  of  much  better  quality  than  by  present  systems. 

The  cost  of  the  entire  Sturtevant  Unit  installed  is  no  more  than  of  the  average  hand- 
operated  Dens  of  equal  capacity;  the  latter,  however,  cannot  be  compared  favorably 
as  to  results. 

The  length  of  time  required  for  conditioning  is  materially  lessened,  thus  the 
large  expensive  buildings  covering  many  square  feet  of  floor  space  are  unknown  in 
Europe.  A  material  saving  in  acid  is  effected,  because  the  acid  is  more  correctly  util- 
ized to  produce  the  finished  results.  Built  on  the  unit  principle,  and  using  a  quick 
batch  method,  which  is  a  very  near  approach  to  the  Continuous,  a  plant  can  be  econ- 
omically operated  at  half  the  usual  producing  rate,  should  business  conditions  make 
this  desirable.  The  labor  element  is  reduced  to  a  minimum,  as  only  two  or  three  men 
are  required  for  two  Dens  operating  together,  for  mixing,  weighing  and  taking  care  of 
the  apparatus  and  placing  the  Acid  Phosphate  in  storage  building. 

The  usual  size  Unit  is  one  making  25-30  tons  of  Acid  Phosphate  per  charge. 
Units  can  be  used  for  greater  tonnage. 


Page  tueniy-secen 


STURTEVANT    ACIDULATING    UNIT 


The  chemical  control  of  30  ton  batches  is  far  superior  to  that  of  large  batches, 
as  a  check  is  made  every  30  tons  instead  of  every  100,  150,  or  200  tons;  thus  any  imper- 
fect formula  or  mixing  is  discovered  and  remedied  before  great  loss  results. 

The  following  schedules  show  what  is  required  and  accomplished  by  these  Units: 

ONE  25-30  TON  UNIT 

Three  charges:  Time  —  9  hours  45  minutes  —  Result:  75  to  90  tons  of  Acid  Phosphate. 
Approximately  40  to  45  tons  each  of  dust  and  acid  required  for  8  hours. 
One  Mixer  man  8  hours  work. 
One  Helper  8  hours  work. 

7  A.  M.-  8.15  A.  M.  --  Mixing. 
8.15  A.  M.-  8.45  A.  M.  —  Setting. 

8.45  A.  M.-  9.45  A.  M.  —  Cutting  Out.     8.30  Helper  starts. 
9.45  A.  M.-10.15  A.  M.  --  Returning  Den  and  preparing  for  next  charge. 
10.15  A.  M. -11.30  A.  M.  —  Mixing. 
11.30  A.  M.-    12  NOON  —  Setting.     Mixer  man  at  lunch. 

12  NOON-      1  P.  M.  —  Cut  Out.     12.15  p.  M.  to  12.45  p.  M.     Helper  lunches. 

1  P.  M.-  1.30  P.  M.  --  Returning  Den  and  preparing  for  next  charge. 
1.30  P.  M.-  2.45  p.  M.  —  Mixing. 
2.45  P.  M.-  3.15  P.  M.  — Setting. 

3.15  P.  M.-  4.15  P.  M.  —  Cutting  Out.     3.30  Mixer  man  through. 
4.15  P.  M.-  4.45  P.  M.  --  Returning  Den  and  preparing  for  next  charge.     (  5p.  M. 

Helper  through.) 

Maximum  production  with  one  machine  in  24  hours:  7  charges — Result:  175  to 
210  tons  of  Acid  Phosphate. 

TWO  25-30  TON  UNITS 

Six  charges:  Time  --11  hours.     Result:  150  to  180  tons  of  Acid  Phosphate. 
Approximately  75-90  tons  each  Dust  and  Acid  for  11  hours. 
One  Mixer  Man. 
Two  Helpers. 

UNIT  "A" 

7  A.  M.  --  Mixing. 
8.15  A.  M.-  8.45  A.  M.  —  Setting. 
8.45  A.  M.-  9.45  A.  M.  —  Cutting  Out. 

9.45  A.  M. -10.15  A.  M.  --  Returning  Den  and  preparing  for  next  charge. 
10.15  A.  M.-11.30  A.  M.  —  Mixing. 
11.30  A.  M.-    12  NOON  —  Setting. 
12  NOON-        1  P.  M.  —  Cutting  Out. 

1  P.  M.-  1.30  P.  M.  --  Returning  Den  and  preparing  for  next  charge. 
1.30  p.  M.-  2.45  P.  M.  —  Mixing. 
2.45  p.  M.-  3.15  P.  M.  — Setting. 
3.15  p.  M.-  4.15  P.  M.  —  Cutting  Out. 
4.15  p.  M.-  4.45  .P  M.  --  Returning  Den  and  preparing  for  next  charge. 


Page  twenty-eight 


STURTEVANT    ACIDULATING    UNIT 

•="*• 
. 

UNIT  "B" 

8.15  A.  M.-  9.30  A.  M.  —  Mixing. 
9.30  A.  M.-      10  A.  M.  —  Setting. 

10  A.  M.-      11  A.  M.  —  Cutting  Out. 

11  A.  M.-11.30  A.  M.  --  Returning  Den  and  preparing  for  next  charge. 
11.30  A.  M. -12.45  P.  M.  —  Mixing. 

12.45  P.  M.-  1.15  P.  M.  —  Setting. 
1.15  p.  M.-  2.15  P.  M.  —  Cutting  Out. 

2.15  P.  M.-  2.45  P.  M.  --  Returning  Den  and  preparing  for  next  charge. 
2.45  P.  M.-        4  p.  M.  —  Mixing. 
4  p.  M.-  4.30  P.  M.  —  Setting. 
4.30  P.  M.-  5.30  P.  M.  —  Cutting  Out. 
5.30  p.  M.-        6  P.  M.  --  Returning  Den  and  preparing  for  next  charge. 

Mixer  man  at  lunch  12.45  p.  M.-1.30  p.  M.  —  finishes  work  at  4  p.  M.  (8j/£  hours). 
One  Helper  lunches  11.30  A.  M.-12.15  p.  M.  —  works  8.30  to  6  P.  M.  (9  hours). 
One  Helper  lunches  12.15  A.  M.-        1  P.  M.  —  works  8.30  to  6  p.  M.  (9  hours). 
Maximum  production  with  two  machines  in  24  hours:  14  charges  —  Result:  350 
to  420  tons  of  Acid  Phosphate. 


ANALYSIS 


Insoluble    1 .  79% 


Analysis  of  Acid  Phosphate  made  by  the  Sturtevant  System  from  a  report  of  a 
Fertilizer  Manufacturer  at  Brest,  France. 

Rock  used  —  Constantine  (No.  Africa)  64.9%  B.P.L. 
Acid  used  —  53°  Be.  at  59°  F. 
Amount  Rock  660  Ibs. 
Amount  Acid   561  Ibs.  (85%  of  Rock) 
1221  Ibs.  to  the  mix. 

From  Den  after  Yl  hour  set. 

Soluble 14  59% 


Free  total  acid       6 . 59% 

Moisture 15 . 04% 

Sample  of  above  48  hours  later. 

Soluble 15 . 59% 

Insoluble    79% 

Free  total  acid 3 . 59% 

Moisture 12 . 00% 

PLANT  REQUIREMENTS 

To  accomplish  these  truly  remarkable  results  it  is  first  necessary  to  have  a  rock 
grinding  plant  of  sufficient  capacity  to  furnish  the  dust  needed  to  acidulate  the  tonnage 
of  acid  phosphate  desired.  The  dust  should  be  ground  to  a  fineness  of  approximately 
90  per  cent  through  an  80  mesh  screen. 

A  Sturtevant  Ring-Roll — Air  Separator  Grinding  Unit  will  be  found  to  be  the 
most  efficient  that  can  be  employed  for  this  work,  due  to  its  reliability,  large  capacity, 
low  power  and  maintenance  cost  per  ton. 


-    -          ...  . ,  ...     

Page  twenty-nine 


STURTEVANT    ACIDULATING    UNIT 


A  large  storage  hopper  for  dust  should  be  provided,  usually  carrying  at  least  one 
day's  supply  of  ground  rock;  also,  a  storage  and  tempering  tank  containing  at 
least  Yi  day's  run  of  acid.  In  order  that  the  acid  be  reduced  to  the  proper  strength 
and  temperature,  facilities  should  be  provided  for  water  to  dilute,  steam  to  heat  and 
air  to  agitate  so  no  separation  of  acid  and  water  can  take  place.  This  is  much  preferable 
to  tempering  the  acid  at  the  time  it  is  being  mixed.  The  mixer  operator  should  not 
do  such  important  work,  thus  dividing  his  attention,  slowing  production  and  causing 
inaccuracies.  It  should  be  tempered  correctly  by  a  more  experienced  foreman  or 
chemist. 

Chemistry  is  a  science  of  exactness  and  nothing  should  be  left  to  the  guess  or  judg- 
ment of  the  inexperienced. 

The  manufacture  of  Acid  Phosphate  requires  careful  analysis  of  the  rock  and 
accurate  weighing  of  the  dust  and  acid  so  that  full  control  of  the  re-action  is  assured. 
Haphazard  and  slack  methods  of  weighing  are  always  costly,  for  if  there  is  no  accurate 
control  over  the  ingredients  used  and  only  averages  employed,  the  result  is  invariably  a 
loss  of  unit  values.  By  the  Sturtevant  method,  dust  and  acid  are  weighed  accurately  by 
automatic  scales.  Each  will  weigh  in  a  minimum  amount  of  time,  approximately  30  sec- 
onds per  charge.  They  prepare  the  two  charges  entirely  independently  of  the  operator. 
He  simply  starts  the  machine,  which  weighs  the  charges  for  him  without  further 
attention  on  his  part.  Thus  the  human  element  is  practically  eliminated,  the  charges 
are  always  the  same  in  weight,  and  accuracy  is  assured.  Ample  means  are  provided  for 
changing  the  formula  as  the  quality  of  rock  varies. 

DUST  AND  ACID  SCALES 

The  operating  principle  of  both  Dust  and  Acid  Scales  are  similar.  Both  are  simple 
in  design  and  operation. 

The  inlet  valve  of  the  weigh  hopper  is  opened  by  simply  pushing  an  electric  button, 
or  pulling  a  lever,  which  at  the  same  time  closes  an  electric  circuit  that  holds  the  valve 
open.  When  the  weight  is  obtained  the  Scale  beam  rises  and  opens  this  electric  circuit, 
which  automatically  closes  the  inlet  valve. 

An  electric  light  shows  when  acid  and  dust  are  flowing,  and  automatically  goes  out 
when  weight  is  reached. 

The  outlet  valve  may  be  operated  by  either  a  foot  pedal  or  a  hand  lever,  causing 
the  material  to  discharge  into  the  Mixer. 

The  weighing  operation  is  automatic  and  is  independent  of  the  operator.  The 
discharge  valves  are  manually  controlled  and  are  carefully  constructed  to  prevent 
leaks  and  to  resist  acid  corrosion  in  the  acid  scales. 

It  is  necessary  for  correct  automatic  weights  to  have  conditions  and  installation 
favorable.  With  the  dust  scale  a  small  steep  sided  dust  hopper,  kept  full  at  all  times, 
maintains  a  constant  head  and  causes  a  regular,  even  flow  of  dust  to  the  scale  without 
danger  of  bridging  or  packing  so  that  accuracy  is  assured. 

Acid  being  free  flowing,  it  is  a  simple  matter  to  get  proper  automatic  weights. 


Page  thirty 


AUTOMATIC     ACID 
SCALE 


Sturtevant  Automatic  Dust  and  Acid  Scales 

Patented — Patents  Pending 


Page  thirty-one 


STURTEVANT    ACIDULATING    UNIT 


ACID  MIXER 

From  the  Scales  the  charges  of  dust  and  acid  are  deposited  into  the  Sturtevant 
Acid  Mixer.  This  machine  consists  of  a  cast  iron  rotatable  cylinder  or  drum,  4  feet 
long  and  4  feet  in  diameter,  having  a  slot  the  entire  length  of  its  top  (16"  x  48")  This 
slot  is  the  only  opening  in  the  Mixer,  and  when  at  the  top  serves  as  an  entrance  for  the 
dust  and  acid  and  also  forms  the  discharge  opening  when  the  cylinder  is  revolved  and 
the  slot  has  reached  the  bottom  position.  A  central  shaft,  with  stirrers,  or  paddles, 
attached  thereto,  extends  through  the  drum  and  runs  continuously,  at  a  speed  of 
35  r.  p.  m.,  while  the  Mixer  is  operating,  and  not  only  thoroughly  agitates  and  mixes 
the  mass  of  dust  and  acid,  but  also  assists  in  completely  discharging  the  Mixer  when 
the  drum  is  revolved  and  the  slot  is  at  the  bottom.  In  mixing,  the  operator  starts  the 
two  Scales,  which  automatically  prepare  their  charges,  and  which  he  simply  discharges 
into  the  Mixer.  This  operation  only  requires  the  movement  of  two  levers.  Pulling 
another  lever  causes  the  drum  to  rotate  one  revolution  in  one-half  a  minute,  and  dump 
its  contents  into  the  Den.  When  the  drum  reaches  its  original  position,  as  shown  to 
operator  by  an  indicator,  it  is  ready  for  another  charge;  in  fact,  while  the  operator  is 
discharging  the  Mixer,  the  dust  and  acid  Scales  are  automatically  preparing  the  next 
batches. 

It  is  a  principle  of  the  Sturtevant  method  to  use  small  charges,  which  are  easy  to 
thoroughly  agitate  and  intimately  mix  for  efficient  and  quick  re-action,  and  which  is 
accomplished  only  in  this  type  of  Mixer.  Even  under  these  circumstances,  using 
approximately  1300  pound  batches,  36  charges  per  hour  are  maintained.  The  Mixer  is 
enclosed  in  a  box  connected  by  hopper  Lo  the  Den,  from  which  the  Fan  exhausts  the 
gasses  and  fumes,  and  in  consequence  of  this  downward  suction  of  air  from  the  Mixer, 
no  obnoxious  fumes  penetrate  the  plant,  or  annoy  the  Mixer  operator.  This  form  of 
Mixer  is  far  superior  to  the  Pan  for  obvious  reasons. 

In  the  Pan  Mixer  the  only  efficient  aid  violent  mixing  actions  are  in  the  small 
areas  occupied  by  the  plows  (see  illustration),  which  form  about  30%  of  the  total  Pan 
area,  thus  70%  is  not  mixing  at  all,  or  at  least  not  efficiently.  Centrifugal  force 


tut 

OCCUf/£D  BY 
PADDtCS  e/tPLOHS 
IS/, 


OCCt/f/fO   BY 

PADDLES  on  nans 
is-/. 


Drawing  Showing  Inefficiency  of  Pan  Type  of  Mixer 


Page  thirty-two 


Sturtevant  Acid  Mixer 

Patented — Patents  Pending 


Page  thirty-three 


STURTEVANT    ACIDULATING    UNIT 


generated  by  the  revolving  pan  tends  to  throw  the  material  to  the  sides  of  the  Pan. 
The  plug  and  its  seat  very  frequently  wear  out  of  true,  causing  leaks  and  allowing  acid 
to  run  out  of  Mixer  into  Den  before  being  mixed  with  the  dust.  Under  these  condi- 
tions dust  alone  is  dicharged  into  the  Den,  in  an  endeavor  to  take  up  this  Acid.  To 
prevent  this  leak,  dust  is  sometimes  placed  in  the  Mixer  before  the  Acid,  which  is  a 
difficult  method  of  mixing,  as  this  action  causes  the  formation  of  dust  balls,  which  are 
difficult  for  the  acid  to  penetrate;  thus  only  partial  mixing  is  accomplished. 

As  all  of  the  material  has  to  discharge  through  a  central  hole,  scrapers  that  require 
excessive  power  and  maintenance  are  necessary. 

The  manual  labor  required  for  lifting  the  heavy  plug  and  scrapers  many  times 
hourly  is  a  tedious  job  for  the  operator  in  addition  to  his  other  duties. 

The  Sturtevant  mixer  has  no  discharge  plug  to  gum  up  or  leak  acid.  The  dust 
and  acid  are  more  thoroughly  mixed,  due  to  the  shape  of  the  Container  and  the  use 
of  paddles  which  violently  agitate  the  entire  mass.  There  are  no  dead  spots  and  as 
the  acid  and  dust  tend  to  drop  to  the  bottom,  while  the  paddles  lift  and  at  the  same 
time  thoroughly  stir  them  back  and  forth,  quicker  and  more  intimate  mixing  is 
accomplished.  When  the  drum  is  revolved  the  slot  is  at  the  bottom;  thus  the  material 
falls  out  by  gravity.  If  any  hesitates  it  is  instantly  assisted  by  the  revolving  scrapers 
or  paddles.  A  "set"  rarely  occurs,  but  should  this  happen  the  top  covering  is  easily 
removed  for  cleaning.  This  Mixer  requires  only  5  Horse  Power,  or  one-third  that  of 
others.  Its  moving  parts  are  few,  and  being  made  of  cast  iron  is  acid  resisting  and 
durable. 

The  Acid  should  go  to  Mixer  first,  then  the  dust,  as  better  mixing  is  accomplished 
by  this  method;  furthermore  the  mixing  paddles  are  washed  by  the  acid  every  batch, 
are  thus  kept  cleaner. 

The  quicker  the  mix,  if  the  ingredients  arc  thoroughly  intermingled,  and  the 
quicker  the  discharge,  the  more  efficient  is  this  machine,  for  it  takes  advantage  of  the 
gases  formed,  causing  a  quick  "set"  in  the  den  which  allows  the  nicely  honeycombed 
acid  phosphate  to  be  cut  out  almost  immediately  after  the  last  charge  enters  the  den. 

REPORT  FROM  DOUGHTY    SON  &  RICHARDSON,  LTD. 
Lincoln,  England 

Regarding  Sturtevant  Mixer: 

"Probably  the  best  on  the  market.  Well  designed  and  very  substantially  made. 
We  worked  it  for  10  months  in  an  extensive  way.  We  had  no  trouble  with  it,  and  we 
cannot  see  any  wear  and  tear  on  its  working  parts." 

Signed:         F.  Wuyts. 


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STURTEVANT    ACIDULATING     UNIT 


AUTOMATIC  MECHANICAL  DEN  AND  EXCAVATOR 

The  Mixer  is  placed  on  a  floor  directly  above  the  Automatic  Mechanical  Den  and 
Excavator.  In  shape  the  Den  resembles  the  familiar  type  of  Box  Den.  The  floor  and 
rear  end  wall  are  made  of  concrete.  The  sides  and  top  are  supported  on  a  metal, 
movable  wheel  carriage  or  chassis,  mounted  on  overhead  tracks.  The  sides  are  hinged 
at  the  top  and  locked  at  the  bottom  against  the  concrete  block  which  forms  the  base 
or  floor.  The  front  end  is  a  sliding  door  which  is  raised  when  Den  is  ready  to  empty. 
The  carriage  is  operated  by  a  motor  and  moves  in  either  direction  at  various  pre-deter- 
mined  speeds,  like  the  bed  of  a  metal  planer.  A  large  vertical  cutter  is  mounted  on 
this  carriage  opposite  the  end  door,  and  is  composed  of  eight  large  scoops,  or  fans,  on 
the  blades  of  which  cutting  knives  are  fastened.  This  Cutter  is  revolved  by  the  same 
motor  at  an  approximate  speed  of  ll}^  r.  p.  m. 

It  resembles  the  paddle  wheel  of  a  river  steamboat,  only  it  is  set  vertically.  It  is 
15'  9"  in  diameter,  while  the  block  of  acid  phosphate  being  cut  is  only  8'  wide;  therefore 
the  cutter  overhangs  the  block  on  each  side  (See  illustration,  page  39)  and  the  shavings 
are  deposited  easily  on  the  conveyor  below,  paralleling  the  side  of  Den. 

When  filling  the  Den  the  side  and  end  doors  are  rigidly  fastened  together,  and  the 
charge  is  placed  in  the  Den  as  fast  as  it  is  mixed.  In  the  mixing  of  30  tons,  one  hour 
and  fifteen  minutes  is  required.  At  the  expiration  of  this  period  about  fifteen  minutes 
is  allowed  for  the  phosphate  to  set  before  removing  the  locks,  holding  the  side  doors  to 
the  concrete  base.  The  counter  balanced  sliding  door  is  then  raised,  and  a  large  block 
of  acid  phosphate  is  found  resting  upon  the  concrete  floor.  The  carriage  motor  is  now 
started,  which  advances  the  carriage,  with  the  Cutters,  towards  the  block  of  acid  phos- 
phate, at  a  speed  of  about  four  inches  per  minute.  The  Cutters  are  then  started,  which 
revolve  and  horizontally  cut  off  small  thin  Shavings  of  Acid  Phosphate  from  the  mass, 
as  the  cutter  advances,  the  air  draught,  created  by  the  Fan's  rotation,  blows  these 
thin  particles  onto  a  Pan  Conveyor  traveling  parallel  to  the  side  of  Den.  These  knives, 
3^"  wide  x  ^/i"  thick  x  12"  long,  slice  off  thin  pieces  (11/32  of  an  inch  thick)  of  the 
Acid  Phosphate,  but  only  one  set  of  knives  cut  at  the  same  time,  at  the 
same  place,  and,  being  staggered,  the  same  set  of  knives  makes  a  complete 
revolution  before  cutting  again  in  the  same  place,  and  as  there  are  eight 
fans  and  eight  sets  of  cutting  knives  it  will  be  seen  that  eight  blasts  of  air. 
are  blown  against  the  exposed  cut  before  another  slice  is  removed  from  the 
same  place. 


These  knives  are  self-sharpening,  last  about  one  year  and  can  be  re- 
placed by  any  blacksmith. 

Cutters  also  are  placed  upon  the  bottom  of  the  fans  to  shave  off  any 
of  the  Acid  Phosphate  that  might  otherwise  remain  on  the  concrete  base. 


While  this  Cutter  only  turns  at  ll/^  R.P.M.  and  is  a  slow  speed  de- 
vice, yet  it  is  fifteen  feet  nine  inches  in  diameter  and  the  curved  Fan  blades 
are  two  feet  wide,  (therefore  the  peripheral  Fans  are  moving  at  a  speed  of 
560  ft.  per  minute)  thus  a  strong  draught  results  which  is  thrown  against 
the  block  of  Acid  Phosphate  as  the  knives  cut. 


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STURTEVANT    ACIDULATING    UNIT 


AUTOMATIC  MECHANICAL  DEN  AND  EXCAVATOR 

This  air  blast  carries  off  the  steam,  liberated  by  the  cutting  action,  which  rises  in  clouds, 
but  is  only  water  and  has  no  acidity.  A  large  ventilating  tower  on  the  roof  carries 
this  steam  to  the  outer  air. 

This  Cutter  is  the  only  type  that  slices  in  the  open  air,  and  employs  an  air  blast, 
which  aerates  as  it  cuts  and  therein  lies  the  secret  of  aeration.  It  is  not  enough  to 
simply  cut  the  phosphate,  the  steam  must  also  be  liberated  to  produce  a  higher  soluble, 
by  eliminating  a  large  proportion  of  the  water.  Care  is  taken,  however,  that  the  pro- 
duct is  not  cooled  too  much,  as  it  is  necessary  to  retain  a  sufficient  amount  of  heat  to 
carry  on  and  complete  the  re-action  in  the  pile,  and  thus  further  eliminate  moisture, 
and  reduce  the  free  acid  and  insoluble. 

Results  clearly  indicate  that  the  Acid  Phosphate  is  not  cooled  too  much,  as  the 
reaction  is  continued  in  the  pile  (See  analysis,  page  29). 

As  the  flakes  of  Phosphate  fall  they  are  carried  around  by  the  air  current,  and 
sufficient  moisture  is  driven  off  to  prevent  their  being  plastic  or  sticky  as  they  drop  di- 
rectly on  the  Pan  Conveyor  like  damp  corn  flakes,  and  immediately  break  up,  owing  to 
their  thinness  and  porosity,  and  then  resemble  damp  sand  rather  than  sticky  clay. 
No  scraping  nor  mulling  occurs  as  they  are  carried  to  an  elevator  for  filling  overhead  cars, 
or  into  a  pit  for  Crane  handling.  If  the  Den  is  at  an  elevation,  the  Pan  Conveyor 
can  discharge  directly  into  overhead  cars  for  carrying  it  into  the  storage  building. 
This  operation  of  ex-dening,  or  excavating,  simply  requires  the  starting  of  the  machin- 
ery, which  is  usually  done  by  the  Mixer  operator  when  he  has  finished  mixing.  He 
generally  has  one  helper  to  properly  care  for  the  equipment  and  to  see  that  the  Acid 
Phosphate  is  traversed  and  properly  cut  out;  the  machine  is  then  reversed  and  quickly 
brought  back  to  its  original  position  (in  five  minutes),  the  doors  are  again  rapidly 
secured,  and  it  is  ready  for  another  charge.  A  30  ton  batch  can  be  prepared,  that  is, 
weighed,  mixed,  allowed  to  set,  excavated,  and  the  machine  brought  back  to  position 
in  approximately  3^  hours'  time. 

This  entire  Excavating  Unit  requires  only  seven  Horse  Power  to  operate. 

The  Den  sides  and  end  door  are  made  of  heavy  steel  frames  to  which  are  bolted 
2"  pitch-pine  planks,  tongued  and  grooved  and  treated  with  preservative. 

A  skin  lining  1"  thick,  also  tongued  and  grooved  and  similarly  treated,  is  blind- 
nailed  diagonally  to  the  2"  planks.  Tar  paper  between  the  two  assists  in  preventing 
leaks.  This  is  a  very  durable  construction,  especially  as  the  thin  film  of  acid  phosphate 
adhering  to  the  sides  acts  as  a  further  preservative  and  is  never  scraped  off. 

Leather-scrap,  shoddy,  wool-waste,  hair  and  other  low  grade  Ammoniates  can 
be  acidulated  in  this  Den,  and  cut  out.  These  require  a  longer  time  to  set,  due  to  the 
increased  moisture  which  they  contain.  They  will  set,  however,  but  must  be  cut  out 
more  slowly  than  Acid  Phosphate,  and  provision  is  made  for  driving  the  carriage  at 
slower  speed  for  this  purpose. 

An  inspection  door  in  the  roof  of  the  Den  is  provided,  so  that  the  charge  may  be 
inspected  to  ascertain  if  a  "set"  has  taken  place. 

If,  through  wide  variation  in  the  grade  of  rock  used,  or  incorrect  formula,  an  acid 
phosphate  is  produced  which  does  not  set  up  readily,  the  Den  can  be  emptied  by  hand. 
Any  charge  that  is  set  sufficiently  to  prevent  flow  can  be  excavated  by  the  Cutter. 

Approximately  one  inch  of  Acid  Phosphate  remains  on  the  concrete  floor  of  the 
Den  after  excavation  is  completed.  This  is  left  to  seal  the  cracks  between  the  floor 
and  doors,  making  the  Den  tight. 


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Page  thirty-nine 


STURTEVANT  AUTOMATIC  DEN  AND  EXCAVATOR 


APPROXIMATE  DIMENSIONS,  WEIGHTS,  SPEED,  ETC.,  OF  AUTOMATIC  DEN 

AND  ELEVATOR  UNIT 


Ground  Area  18'  wide  by  53 '-6"  long 

Area  of  Mixer  Floor  18'  x  19' 

Height  of  Mixer  Floor  22'-$ " 

Area  of  Scale  Floor  18'  x  19' 

Height  of  Scale  Floor  30'-$" 

Total  overall  height  to  top  of  Scales  3  7  '-7" 

Size  of  Cutting  and  Aerating  Fan  15  '-6"  diameter  by  9'  high 

Speed  1 1 1/6  R.P.M. 

Peripheral  speed  560  ft.  per  minute 

Cutting  speed,  average,  4"  per  minute,  adjustable  for  speeds,  3' 

Time  of  cutting  out  at  speed  of  4"  per  minute,  one  hour 

Weight  of  Den  and  Excavator,  approximately  24,000  Ibs. 

Motor  for  operating  Den  and  Excavator  lYl  H.P. 

Weight  of  Mixer  alone  15,000  Ibs. 

Speed  of  Beaters  35  R.P.M. 

Speed  of  Drum  2  R.P.M. 

Motor  to  operate  Mixer  7^  R.P.M. 


4"  or  5"  per  minute. 


Concrete  Base,  End  Wall,  Conveyor  Pit  and  Footings 


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Sturtevant  Mechanical  Den  and  Excavator — Front  View 

Patented — Patents  Pending 


Page  forty-one 


STURTEVANT    ACIDULATING    UNIT 


To  assist  in  reducing  the  free  acid  content  of  the  Phosphate,  also  to  increase 
availability,  three  per  cent  of  dry  rock  dust  is  often  discharged  through  the  Mixer  into 
the  Den  just  before  the  "cutting  out"  operation.  This  rock  is  spread  over  the  block 
of  acid  phosphate  and  the  cutters  thoroughly  work  it  into  the  mass  while  cutting,  thus 
making  it  available  and  increasing  solubility. 

FUME  CONDENSING  CHAMBERS 

The  fumes  emanating  from  the  Mixer  and  from  the  Dens  are  successfully  treated 
by  dry  and  wet  condensing  chambers  with  the  aid  of  a  slow  speed,  especially 
constructed  wooden  Fan  (to  withstand  the  corrosive  action  of  acid)  of  large  dimensions, 
(48")  which  runs  at  400  R.P.M.  and  requires  3  to  4  Horse  Power,  thus  the  objectionable 
odors  in  the  surrounding  atmosphere  and  the  pollution  of  water  in  rivers  and  streams  is 
avoided. 

It  will  be  seen  that  acid  fumes  are  not  allowed  to  come  in  contact  with  the  operators, 
nor  with  the  metal  work,  which,  therefore,  is  not  exposed  to  the  deteriorating  effect  of 
the  acid. 

The  dry  and  wet  method  consists  of  a  large  dry  chamber  with  baffle  walls  placed 
between  the  fan  and  den.  This  chamber,  owing  to  its  size,  reduces  the  velocity  of  the 
gases  and  causes  the  solid  matter,  held  in  suspension,  to  separate  and  fall  to 
the  floor,  thus  relieving  the  Fan  of  this  burden.  The  Fan  blows  the  partially  cleaned 
gas  from  this  chamber  into  another  chamber,  filled  with  partitions  and  water  sprays. 
The  gas  follows  an  up  and  down  course  through  these  sprayed  compartments,  pre- 
cipitating the  remaining  solids,  or  powder  (hydrofluosilicic  acid),  and  allows  only  pure 
air  to  escape.  As  the  dry  chamber  has  separated  most  of  the  hydrofluosilicic  acid,  the 
acidity  of  the  condensing  water  discharged  is  much  less  than  if  no  dry  chamber  had  been 
used. 

This  hydrofluosilicic  acid  can  be  converted  into  silico-fluoride  of  sodium,  the  selling 
price  of  which  often  covers  the  cost  of  condensation. 


Special  Wood  Constructed  Fume  Fan 


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STURTEVANT     ACIDULATING     UNIT 


BASIC  PRINCIPLES  AND  RESULTS 

The  basic  principles  involved  in  the  manufacture  of  Acid  Phosphate,  and  on  which 
the  Sturtevant  Acidulating  Unit  and  methods  have  been  worked  out  are  as  follows: 
Fast  and  accurate  automatic  weighing  of  dust  and  acid  in  small  batches  of  the  correct 
temperature  and  strength;  quick  and  intimate  mixing  and  discharging;  efficient  ventila- 
tion of  the  Den  and  Mixer;  cutting  and  aerating  the  phosphate  as  it  is  removed  from  the 
Den;  avoiding  any  mulling  action  in  so  doing;  delivering  the  acid  phosphate  into  storage 
with  as  little  handling  as  possible.  In  carrying  out  these  principles  it  was  found  that 
the  Sturtevant  Acidulating  Unit  was  the  only  one  embodying  all  of  these  factors,  and 
as  the  finished  acid  phosphate  speaks  for  itself  it  is  evident  that  all  are  required. 

From  figures  obtained  abroad,  the  cost  of  weighing,  charging,  excavating  and 
conveying  to  storage,  including  labor,  oil,  maintenance,  etc.,  is  from  6  to  8  cents  per 
ton  of  acid  phosphate. 

This  Acidulating  Unit  was  submitted  to  more  than  60  Fertilizer  Manufacturers, 
Chemists,  Engineers  and  Mechanical  experts  at  the  Convention  of  the  National  Fer- 
tilizer Association  held  at  White  Sulphur  Springs,  W.  Va.,  during  the  week  of  June  19th, 
1921,  and  not  a  single  constructive  criticism  was  made. 

Fourteen  other  American  experts  had  passed  upon  it,  prior  to  that  meeting,  with 
the  same  results. 

From  information  obtained  abroad,  it  is  understood  that  of  the  last  20  plants 
erected,  18  were  equipped  with  the  Sturtevant-English  Process  and  two  with  the 
Beskow  System,  to  the  exclusion  of  all  others;  both  of  these  patents  are  controlled  by 
Sturtevant  Mill  Co.  Of  the  18  Sturtevant  plants,  Sturtevant  Engineers  have  visited 
12  and  have  actually  seen  the  proof  of  these  astonishing  results. 

No  other  processes  were  seen  in  plants  built  in  the  last  few  years. 

FROM  H.  G.  McCREATH  &  SONS,  BERWICK-ON-TWEED,  ENGLAND 

"I  am  in  receipt  of  your  letter  of  the  14th  inst.,  and  note  contents. 

"I  am  glad  to  say  the  Mechanical  Den  is  doing  remarkably  well.  It  has  worked  without  a  hitch  since  the  start 
and  everything  is  very  satisfactory.  In  fact,  it  has  done  everything  we  have  asked  it  to  do.  The  superphosphates  are 
in  first-class  condition,  and  the  solubility  is  rather  better  than  we  were  getting  from  our  old  plant. 

"I  shall  be  pleased  to  show  the  plant  to  any  one  you  may  wish  to  send  through  any  time,  if  you  will  let  me  know 
so  that  we  may  have  it  working. 

"The  fact  is,  we  can  put  through  more  than  100  tons  per  day,  so  we  don't  need  to  have  it  working  continuously." 

A  partial  list  of  users  of  Sturtevant  Automatic  Den  and  Excavator: 


The  Aberdeen  Lime  Co.,  Ltd., 

Blaikie's  Quay, 

Aberdeen,  Scotland. 

Johnson  &  Darlings,  Ltd., 

Berwick-on-Tweed,  England. 

Edward  Webb  &  Sons,  Stour-bridge,  Ltd. 

Saltney,  England. 

Nr.  Chester  (two  plants) 


Thomas  Vickers  &  Sons,  Ltd., 

Widnes  Phosphate  Works, 

Widnes, 

Lancashire,  England  (two  plants) 

Doughty,  Son  &  Richardson,  Ltd., 

Lincoln,  England  (two  plants) 

Spooner  &  Bailey,  Ltd., 

Eling, 

Nr.  Southampton,  England. 

Ste.  Ane.  de  Produits  Chimiques  de  1'Ouest, 

Ste.  Marc, 

Pres  Brest,  France. 

Kynoch,  Limited, 

South  Africa. 

H.  G.  McCreath  &  Sons, 

Berwick-on-Tweed, 

England. 

Charles  Norrington  &  Co.,  Ltd., 

Chemical  Works, 

Cattedown, 

Plymouth,  England. 

Briton-Ferry  Chemical  Co.,  Ltd. 

Briton-Ferry  (two  plants),  England. 

National  Smelting  Co.,  Ltd., 

Avonmouth  (two  plants), 

England. 


Page  forty-four 


Acid   Phosphate,  Actual  Size,  15  Minutes  after  Last  Mix  was  Dumped  into 

Den 
Note  its  porosity  and  "set" 


Acid  Phosphate,  Actual  Size,  as  Cut  Out  of  Den  15  Minutes  after  the  Last  Mix  was  Dumped  into 

Den 
Note  its  granular  form  and  absence  of  lumps — 95  per  cent  passed  a  6-mesh  screen 


Page  forty-fee 


STORAGE      BUILDINGS 


The  Acid  Phosphate  is  now  manufactured,  cut  out,  aerated  and  is  in  a  fine,  dry, 


mechanical  condition  for  storage. 


In  designing  a  storage  building  for  the  various  materials  used  in  the  manufacture 
of  Complete  Fertilizer  it  is  highly  important  that  handling  costs  into,  within  and  out 
of  the  building  be  as  low  as  possible. 

Many  plants  cover  a  large  area  but  are  not  designed  for  the  high  piling  of  materials 
to  increase  capacity. 

The  "A"  frame  building,  used  for  many  years,  gives  a  large  storage  area  free  from 
posts  which,  by  the  use  of  overhead  cars,  can  be  practically  and  economically  filled 
with  almost  no  waste  space. 

I 

There  is,  however,  no  practical  means  of  emptying  same  except  by  diggers  with  push 
carts  or  electric  trucks,  neither  of  which  are  economical  and  therefore  this  type  of 
building  is  now  used  mostly  for  the  smaller  plants. 

The  use  of  steel  construction  in  place  of  wood,  for  fire  protection,  and  to  allow 
the  use  of  Cranes,  is  responsible  for  the  adaption  of  the  Crane  Type  building.  Further, 
a  Crane  is  a  very  efficient  means  of  filling  and  emptying  the  building,  as  all  of  the  ground 
area  can  be  reached  by  the  Crane  Bucket  and  large  hourly  tonnages  can  be  handled  very 
cheaply  by  one  man. 

The  height  of  the  storage  pile  can  also  be  increased  by  this  equipment,  and  thus 
more  tonnage  per  square  foot  of  ground  area  is  obtained. 

As  Cranes  are  expensive  and  require  strong  steel  buildings,  their  use  is  limited  to 
plants  of  sufficient  capacity  to  carry  the  burden  of  the  initial  investment  and  therefore 
are  not  universally  used. 

< 
For  smaller  plants,  cither  a  combination  building  of  the  "A"  Type  with  a  square 

posted  wing  or  a  straight  square-posted  building  having  16'  to  20'  bays  can  be  used. 
In  either  case  overhead  push  or  electric  cars,  at  a  uniform  level,  should  be  used.  (See 
pages  82,  83,  84.) 

As  the  plant  illustrated  (see  folder  at  back  of  book)  is  of  sufficient  size  to  econom- 
ically use  Cranes,  a  typical  Crane  Type  Storage  Building  is  shown. 

An  80'  span  is  used  for  the  two  Cranes.  A  wing  or  leanto,  on  one  side,  forty  feet 
wide  provides  room  for  the  shipping  and  mixing  machines,  materials  in  bags,  bag  room 
and  office,  and  storage  of  bagged  goods  ready  for  shipment. 

Double  tracks  on  this  side  give  good  car  facilities.  On  the  opposite  side  a  bulk 
shipping  machine  is  utilized  for  shipments  of  this  nature,  and  a  wide  platform  allows 
for  the  unloading  of  cars  without  spotting  same. 


Page  forty-lit 


Section  of  Building  Showing  Storage  Pile 


Section  of  Building  Showing  Storage  Piles,  Basing  and  Shipping  Unit  and  Bulk  Shipping  Unit 


Page  forty-seven 


UNITS    IN    STORAGE    BUILDING 


PORTABLE  CONVEYORS 


Through  doors  in  the  side  of  the  building,  short  portable  Belt  Conveyors  can  be 
used  to  advantage  to  carry  incoming  materials  within  reach  of  the  Crane.  This  is 
the  receiving  side  of  the  structure  and  rock  is  also  unloaded  from  cars  on  the  same  track. 


O 


O  O 


Portable  Car  Loader 

The  Sturtevant  method  of  manufacturing  Acid  Phosphate  delivers  the  product 
by  Pan  Conveyors  from  the  Dens  (both  being  on  the  ground)  into  a  pit,  from  which 
it  is  picked  up  by  the  Crane  and  piled  in  the  Storage  Building. 

Acid  Phosphate  is  stored  in  the  section  of  the  building  nearest  the  acidulating 
department.  'It  can  then  be  shipped  out  in  bags  through  the  Bagging  Unit  or  through 
the  Bulk  Shipping  Unit. 

Each  Unit  is  equipped  with  receiving  hoppers  for  both  Acid  Phosphate  and  Filler, 
also  with  weigh  hoppers  beneath,  for  proportioning. 

BASING,  MIXING  AND  SHIPPING  UNIT — HOPPER  SYSTEM 

The  center  Unit  is  a  formulating  or  Base  Mixing  Unit. 

The  ingredients  to  be  used  are  placed  in  their  respective  Hoppers  by  the  Cranes. 
Eight  Hoppers  are  shown,  each  of  which  may  contain  a  separate  material  such  as  acid- 
phosphate,  filler,  tankage,  etc.,  or  if  an  extra  large  amount  of  any  one  ingredient  is 
used,  then  more  than  one  hopper  may  be  utilized  for  this  particular  material.  Ar- 
ranged as  shown,  these  Hoppers  do  not  interfere  with  the  maximum  storage  capacity  of 
the  Crane  Bay.  They  occupy  what  is  open  or  waste  air  space  along  the  pile,  as  the 
natural  slope  of  the  pile  reaches  only  to  the  supporting  columns.  If  these  bins  were 
placed  across  the  Crane  Bay,  in  a  position  at  right  angle  to  those  shown,  a  large  Storage 
space  would  be  wasted.  Not  only  the  ground  area  but  the  pile  would  have  to  be  divided 
in  two  parts,  each  sloping  to  the  top  and  both  ways  from  the  bins.  As  every  square  foot 
of  storage  space  covered  by  the  Crane  is  very  valuable,  this  design  permits  the  use  of 
more  area,  therefore  maximum  storage  in  the  Crane  Bay.  Considering  only  the 
Crane  Bay,  hoppers  placed  across  the  building  absolutely  eliminate  approximately 
100,000  cu.  ft.  of  storage  space  under  the  Crane,  where  it  is  ,the  most  valuable,  which, 
figuring  at  50  Ibs.  per  cubic  foot,  equals  a  storage  loss  of  2500  tons  of  material,  all  of 
which  is  saved  by  the  Sturtevant  method,  without  interfering  in  any  way  with  the 
Crane  operations. 


Page  forty-eight 


>: 


Portable  Conveyors  for  Piling  Material  or  Bagged  Goods 


Page  forty-nine 


UNITS    IN    STORAGE    BUILDING 


BASING,  MIXING  AND  SHIPPING  UNIT — HOPPER  SYSTEM 

Underneath  each  bin  a  Scale  is  placed,  with  a  small  Hopper.  The  correct  weight 
of  each  ingredient  is  drawn  off  as  determined  by  formula.  A  gate  in  the  bottom  of  this 
Scale  Hopper  is  then  opened  and  the  contents  discharged  onto  a  Belt  Conveyor  directly 
below.  One  man  can  handle  several  Scales  and,  as  the  weights  remain  the  same  until 
the  formula  is  changed,  accuracy  is  assured. 

This  bin  or  hopper  system  permits  the  assembling  of  materials  very  quickly  and 
saves  much  labor.  The  supply  overhead  is  maintained  by  the  Cranes  therefore  if  the 
batching  machine  is  of  the  correct  size,  for  the  tonnage  desired,  there  is  no  delay  in 
producing  the  daily  output.  Using  one  ton  batches  the  hourly  capacity  of  approxi- 
mately thirty  tons  is  averaged. 

The  method  of  collecting  the  various  materials,  weighing  and  placing  them  on  a 
Conveyor  Belt  for  delivering  to  the  Basing  Unit  having  been  described,  the  next 
operation  is  that  of  Basing. 

The  Conveyor  Belt  discharges  its  batch  into  an  Assembly  Hopper,  holding  one  ton, 
at  the  boot  of  the  Unit  Elevator.  Here  all  the  materials  are  collected  so  that  they  may 
be  admitted  together  into  the  Elevator.  A  man  stationed  at  this  assembly  hopper, 
when  signalled  that  the  Mixer  is  free,  opens  the  shutters  or  gates,  allowing  the  materials 
to  enter  the  Elevator,  and  when  hopper  is  empty  closes  same  and  signals  the  weighing 
man  to  send  along  another  charge. 

The  basing  machine  or  Unit  is  a  standard  Sturtevant  Single  Elevator  Mixing 
Unit.  The  materials  delivered  into  the  Elevator  are  lifted  sufficiently  high  to  discharge 
onto  a  "BB"  Screen.  The  fines  are  collected  in  the  Mixer  Hopper  beneath  the  Screen, 
and  the  oversize  passes  to  the  Pulverizer  for  further  reduction. 

The  now  finely  ground  oversize  from  the  pulverizer  is  discharged  into  the  same 
Elevator,  passes  through  the  same  Screen,  and  rejoins  the  batch  from  which  it  was 
previously  extracted,  before  any  of  the  material  enters  the  Mixer. 

The  original  one  ton  batch  now  properly  ground  and  sized  is  in  the  Mixer  Hopper 
underneath  the  Screen.  A  discharge  gate  in  the  bottom  of  this  Hopper  is  opened  and 
the  material  enters  the  Mixer.  The  mixing  operation  is  completed  in  one  half  minute. 

This  Unit  may  be  used  for  either  Basing  or  Shipping: 

Basing.  In  case  it  is  employed  as  a  Basing  Unit  the  mixed  goods  are  discharged 
from  the  Mixer  through  a  spout,  onto  a  Belt  Conveyor,  which  delivers  it  to  a  Pit,  from 
which  it  can  be  removed  by  the  Crane  Bucket  and  stored  wherever  desired. 

Shipping.  When  used  as  a  Shipping  Unit  the  mixed  goods  are  discharged  into  a 
Double  Weighing  and  Sacking  Hopper,  equipped  with  Scales  and  Bag  Holders  so  that 
quick  and  accurate  weights  may  be  secured.  The  filled  and  weighed  sacks  are  dropped 
onto  a  Slat  Conveyor  which  carries  them  forward  out  of  the  way  of  the  operators.  The 


Page  fifty 


' 


I     1 
§     W 

£    sr 


Page  fifty-one 


UNITS    IN    STORAGE    BUILDING 


sewers  ride  on  this  Conveyor  with  the  Sacks,  sewing  as  they  move.     When  finished  they 
walk  back,  threading  their  needles  on  the  way,  and  repeat  the  operation. 

The  object  of  placing  the  Conveyor  and  weighing  arrangements  at  an  elevation 
from  the  track  platform,  is  to  permit  the  Conveyor  to  discharge  the  filled,  weighed  and 
sewed  bags  down  a  chute  either  to  electric  or  hand  trucks  on  which  they  are  easily  piled. 

This  method  eliminates  the  usual  truckers  employed  to  take  the  bags  from  the 
Scales  to  the  sewers,  and  relieves  the  congestion  at  the  Scales,  as  it  is  necessary,  for  efficient 
work,  to  allow  plenty  of  free  working  space  around  these  machines. 

The  above  Unit  when  handling  thirty  one-ton  batches  per  hour  requires  the  fol- 
lowing men: 

Three  weighers  at  storage  hoppers 

One  assembly  hopper  man 

One  Mixer  man 

Two  weighers  and  sackers 

Four  sewers 

One  helper  or  handy  man. 

The  number  of  truckers  removing  bags  from  Conveyor  Chute  depends  on  the 
distance  to  the  car  being  loaded.  Usually  two  truckers  with  one  man  to  assist  in  piling 
the  bags  on  the  trucks  are  sufficient. 

This  Unit  can  also  be  used  between  Seasons  for  grinding  and  sizing  tankage,  cotton 
seed  meal,  etc.,  which  can  sometimes  be  advantageously  purchased  raw  or  unground  if 
pulverizing  equipment  is  available. 

This  ground  and  sized  material  is  discharged  by  the  Belt  into  the  Crane  Bay  for 
piling. 

SHIPPING  UNITS 

In  addition  to  the  Basing  Unit,  which  can  be  used  for  bagging  and  shipping,  two 
other  Units  are  provided.  These  are  placed  adjacent  to  the  materials  they  will  handle, 
such  as  Acid  Phosphate  and  Complete  Goods. 

They  are  provided  with  Scale  equipped  Hoppers  in  event  of  reformulation  being 
required.  An  Elevator,  "BB"  Screen,  Pulverizer,  Sacking  Hoppers  with  Scales  and 
Sewing  Conveyor  make  a  complete  labor  saving  and  highly  efficient  Shipping  Unit. 

The  bulk  Shipping  Unit  for  Acid  Phosphate,  or  other  materials,  differs  from  the 
above  Unit,  only  in  that  the  sacking  arrangements  are  eliminated,  and  by  the  use  of  a 
spout  and  Portable  Belt  Car  Loader  large  tonnages  can  be  shipped  quickly  and  cheaply. 

EQUIPMENT  USED  IN  UNITS 

The  equipment  used  in  the  various  Mixing,  Basing.  Grinding  and  Shipping  Units 
is  of  special  design  and  construction,  built  for  this  particular  service,  and  will  be  appre- 
ciated by  every  Superintendent,  as  all  are  painfully  aware  of  the  cost  resulting  from 
breakage,  clogging,  insufficient  capacity,  and  the  deplorable  lack  of  accessibility  of  most 
fertilizer  machinery. 

Simple,  durable,  rugged,  reliable  equipment  of  instant  and  complete  "Open  Door" 
accessibility  is  an  asset  to  any  plant,  for  if  trouble  comes,  as  it  does  in  the  best  of  fac- 
tories, the  cost  of  making  repairs  and  clean-outs  is  minimized  by  Sturtevant  Equipment, 
and  a  few  minutes  only  are  necessary  to  locate  and  remedy  the  trouble,  at  low  cost. 


Page  fifty-two 


Sturtevant  Single  Elevator 
Mixing  and  Shipping  Unit  with  Sewing  Conveyor  and  Chute 

Patented 


. 
Pagefijty-thrcc 


Sturtevant  Shipping  Unit 


Page  fifty-four 


Sturtevant  Combination  Basing,  Mixing,  Shipping  and  Unloading  Unit 

Patented 


Page  fifty-fee 


Sturtevant  Single  Elevator  Mixing  and  Shipping  Unit 

Patented 


Page  fifty-six 


Page  fijiy-secen 


OPEN    DOOR    ELEVATORS 


These  are  simple  machines,  largely  used,  but  when  of  poor  design  and  construction 
are  a  source  of  much  trouble  and  expense.  The  Sturtevant  Elevator,  however,  need 
cause  no  worry. 

These  Elevators  are  made  for  service  —  every  part  is  designed  for  continuous 
operation  and  to  give  no  trouble.  But  if,  by  abuse,  clogging  or  breakage  occurs,  their 
accessibility  will  prove  a  time  and  labor  saver,  for  it  makes  replacements  and  clean  outs 
quick  and  easy.  Being  all  steel,  of  "Open  Door"  construction  one  man  in  one  minute 
can  open  any  door,  without  the  use  of  tools  and  immediately  get  at  all  important  parts. 
Self-contained,  complete,  ready  to  set  up  when  received;  big  accessible  discharge  with 
fixed  spill  board;  split  head,  heavy  gears  and  pinions,  ample  shafts,  with  self-aligning 
ball  and  socket  bearings,  together  with  automatic  spring  relief  take-ups  for  quick,  accu- 
rate and  fool-proof  adjustment,  make  the  Sturtevant  "Open  Door"  one-man,  one 
minute  Elevators  unequalled.  All  parts  are  made  to  jig  and  replacements  fit. 

Chain  or  Belt:  Centrifugal,  Continuous  or  Perfect  Discharge  Types,  with  steel  or 
wood  casings. 


Sturtevant  Open  Door  Elevators 

DIMENSIONS 


NO. 

SIZE 

A 

B 

c 

D 

E 

F 

G 

H 

J 

K 

L 

M 

N 

V 

R 

Q 

T 

u 

V 

w 

X 

Y 

K*C 

2-3 

\i   x  42 

12" 

4-?" 

?'•  1" 

3  '-8" 

l'-9" 

?•-?_" 

5-0' 

l'6>4 

3JV 

!'•  6" 

ia" 

IS" 

•J" 

8" 

1'-  6" 

3-10" 

I1-  6" 

14" 

life" 

2-4& 

2'-  4" 

3'-3}4' 

4-5,& 

4- 

\f  X  44 

15" 

44-" 

a'-  3" 

4'-  Of 

I'-IO" 

z:  3" 

S'-3" 

l'-9" 

3V8" 

l'-8" 

12, 

18" 

£ 

a- 

1-3" 

4'-/" 

l'-7- 

li>J/T 

!3'/4 

H-0'4 

2.'-  8" 

3-'8'/4 

4-J/4 

V-f. 

18    x  54 

18- 

.V4-" 

2.'-<o" 

4'-fc" 

?'-.V 

a1.  7- 

k'-S" 

l-lll/z 

5" 

i-n'/i 

|6" 

til' 

IO" 

IO" 

i-n 

4-y 

I'-IT 

!7'/4-" 

is  "hi, 

1-fcV 

2'-ll'/< 

4-3' 

4  OV+ 

2.3  x  54 

23" 

54" 

Z'-9' 

4'-6" 

£2 

z'-v 

6'-  8" 

S>4'/t 

f 

a^V» 

16" 

27  ' 

Ib  ' 

IO' 

r-ir 

S'-'O' 

2,'.  a" 

21" 

I8V4- 

1    6^ 

3:4" 

4'.|0'/< 

4  J/4 

OPENINGS 


NO        Q 

b           d 

e 

P 

Q 

h        m 

n 

r 

t 

U 

V 

or 

X 

y 

2 

2-5       4-'/SL" 

E  S/S  "       3  '/2.  " 

3  '/a." 

3  -5/8" 

0 

7//6"      4'/4." 

7  '/2  " 

15"' 

0 

'-I0'/i 

78' 

1  7s" 

5"' 

5"" 

S" 

4-          S'li" 

2.  "/It"      3  '/a" 

3  '/a.  " 

5  V(6" 

r/2." 

7/l6"        5"' 

9" 

15" 

O 

'-\\s/& 

7/&" 

4-3/16" 

4.3/l6" 

5" 

5" 

5-6          6" 

3  '/i*"        4" 

5V4- 

6  S/I6" 

2'/2." 

7/l6"        7X2" 

IO'/2 

14" 

7" 

2-4-s/B 

'/e 

4  P5/i6- 

4-  PS/I6 

6^8 

6" 

7           578" 

3V  1*          4" 

5V4" 

7  IS/I6 

2  I3/I6 

7/|6"         9" 

13" 

14" 

7" 

2-4% 

6  3/8  " 

6/4" 

7  S/B" 

7" 

ELV. 
NO 

SHAFTS 

GEAR 

PINION 

RATIO 

HEAD  SPROCKET 

TAIL  SPROCKET 

OR  TRACTION 

HEAD     DRWE 

BOOT 

P  D      FACE 

PITCH 

TYPE 

MAT'L 

PD. 

FACE 

'  TCM 

rypt   MAT'L 

•p.D. 

NO. 

TEETH 

TYPE 

P.D. 

NO. 

TEETH 

TYPE 

2 

27l6"   I15/,; 

|  >% 

2  3.  2  a    £'/£. 

1" 

CAST 

c  :. 

5-73 

3" 

1" 

:AST    c  1. 

4h>  1 

£4/4. 

188 

E9 

SPLIT 

18/2  ' 

188 

22 

SPLIT 

3 

27/i6'  i'y/6" 

1  '^16 

2J.ZZ  2'/a 

1" 

5-73 

3 

r 

. 

, 

24  U' 

188 

2.9 

.. 

1  8  '/2.  " 

IRS 

22 

„ 

4 

2'fi6    1  '^16 

I'^lt" 

ajat  3^~ 

- 

573 

4" 

i" 

.. 

24  V* 

102. 

19 

. 

18      " 

102. 

14- 

H 

5" 

2'%6    2?I6" 

Z7lt" 

29.12      4 

1  '/i 

721 

'  4'/£ 

'/a" 

.. 

30'/4 

Ill 

20 

.. 

2  1  '/4  " 

Ill 

14 

6 

2  '^16    i7/lk 

2.  7/l<" 

29.12."    4  " 

I/a" 

721 

4/2 

I'/a 

.. 

30/4. 

'    III 

20 

- 

2  1  '/4  " 

Ml 

14- 

• 

7 

37/l6~   2.7/IA~ 

27/l6" 

34     '    S  ' 

1^4" 

8.4 

5/2 

!3/4 

•• 

29'/2 

'   132. 

15 

• 

|93/4" 

132 

IO 

- 

B 

37/6"    27/,6 

2  ^li" 

34.  1  f  " 

I3A 

8.4 

m 

)3/4 

,. 

30  '/4 

102. 

24 

> 

20  '/a" 

IO2 

16 

•• 

ELV 

NO. 

BUCKETS 

SPACING 

CHAIN 

UNDER 

30-  60' 

CTRS. 

SHAFT 

K.p.n. 

SPEED 
FT.  ptr  MiN 

CAPACITY     IN     TONS    PER    HOUR 
AT     LISTED   SPE.ED 

HP    to  3O'CTRS. 
SO  LB.  MAT 

tf*  fo*60'CTRS. 
SOLE    MAT. 

WElfrHT 
24-'CT(?'S 

WEIOHT 
PER 
FOOT 

4O  LB.  MAT. 

roLB  MA- 

r     9QLO.  MAT. 

p 

6X4- 

16" 

*IS8Ke  -6fh 

£4"x  4" 

2*x6 

150 

232. 

4/2 

S'li 

10 

.7 

| 

4 

2.700 

60 

,1 

8x5' 

16" 

M                                « 

24-"x4" 

24  x  6 

150 

as  2 

8V2. 

10/2. 

19 

1.0 

2 

O 

£800 

65 

4- 

IO"X6" 

16" 

IO2K.Z     4 

Th. 

24x6" 

24x6 

I5O 

232 

16  '/a. 

20/2. 

37 

.8 

3.6 

J6OO 

75 

g 

I2~x7' 

19" 

III   K.2.       - 

36"x6" 

36x8 

|4£ 

274 

26/2- 

33 

60 

3.  a 

6 

4 

4900 

98 

6 

I4-"X7" 

19" 

-               M 

v36~»6' 

36x8 

142 

274 

31 

38 

70 

3.6 

7.2 

4950 

100 

7 

I8"x  8" 

18' 

I32K.2. 

2  J 

36"x  6  " 

36* 

a 

142. 

274 

56 

70 

125 

6.  a 

12 

.4 

5850 

130 

8 

I8"x8" 

ao- 

>.4* 

a«V«" 

36xS 

142. 

274 

50 

63 

1  10 

6.2. 

12.4 

5900 

IS? 

Page  fifty-eight 


Sturtevant  Open  Door  Elevators 

Patented — Patents  Pending 


..---•..•.-.••....-..-  -u-    .. 


Page  fifty-nine 


BUCKING    BRONCHO    (BB)    SCREENS 


Fertilizer  Screens  need  the  "kick  of  a  Broncho"  to  successfully  handle  poorly  con- 
ditioned fertilizer  ingredients.  If  the  Screen  fails  to  function,  the  whole  Unit  becomes 
inefficient  and  a  tax  on  production  and  accuracy. 

The  Screen  surface  in  "BB"  Separators  is  5'  wide  by  8'  long,  of  2,  2j/£,  3  or  4 
mesh  cloth,  set  at  a  35  degree  angle  in  a  tightly  sealed  steel  box  of  "Open  Door"  quick 
accessibility. 

Its  clothing  needs  no  frame.  It  is  oblong,  the  corners  cut  square,  and  is  flatly  laid 
on  an  inclined,  open-rodded  table-top,  through  which  any  screenable  substance  will  drop. 
The  clothing  is  secured  between  two  opposite  Sturtevant  Pincher  grips  that  never  let 
go,  nor  tear;  and  the  clothing  is  released  quickly  for  removal. 

This  table-top  saddle,  which  carries  the  screen  cloth  and  its  load,  and  shakes  both, 
is  formed  of  parallel,  inclined,  longitudinal  rods,  between  which  any  substance  passing 
the  fine  clothing,  freely  flows. 

Upon  this  table-top  saddle  the  screen  clothing  is  laid,  without  tensioning. 

The  table,  and  its  clothing,  and  its  load  of  material,  is  vibrated  by  the  cams  below 
the  Broncho  Saddle;  every  moving  part  is  composed  of  springy  steel,  hot  riveted  to  this 
pony's  elastic  ribs. 

The  channels  that  shelter  the  cams  are  of  bent  elastic  steel,  of  ample  size,  and  are 
actuated  by  the  hard,  sturdy,  simple  cams.  These  cams  produce  sharp  and  violent 
jars  and  slams,  in  numerous  directions,  that  clean  the  meshes.  The  name  "Broncho" 
indicates  that  few  things  can  stick  to  this  Arizona  "Bucker." 

The  table-top  with  its  clothing  receives  its  load  to  be  screened,  shakes  its  load, 
slaps  and  slams  the  wire  clothing,  which  is  untouched  by  other  parts.  Therefore  this 
screen's  meshes  last,  because  this  table-top  does  all  the  work. 

Observe  that  screen  meshes  on  the  Broncho  can  never  sag,  because  they  are  slammed 
flat  on  the  table-top  against  closely  spaced  supporting  wires,  and  can  go  no  farther 
down.  The  Screen's  clothing  is  here,  always  supported,  and  is  stronger  than  any 
unsupported  screen  clothing  can  be. 

There  are  no  screen  frames  to  bother  with.  The  clothing  is  simply  cut  to  proper 
length  and  rolled  for  quick  transport. 

All  repairs  are  small,  and  wire  clothing  is  made  less  expensive  than  in  any  other 
screen,  because  no  frames  are  fitted  or  attached.  Frames  in  this  screen  have  no  use- 
fulness whatever. 

Every  part  is  made  of  Steel,  as  elastic  as  a  bow  and  as  strong  as  a  beam,  its  cams 
protected,  its  heavy  wire  clothing  supported,  in  fact  it  has  proven  a  revelation  to  fer- 
tilizer manufacturers  for  durability,  efficiency  and  capacity. 

SPECIFICATIONS 


No. 
of 
Mach. 

Style 
of  Feeder 

Approx. 
Depth 
with 
Cover 
Closed 

Approx. 
Depth 
with 
Cover 
Raised 

Approx. 
Width 

Approx. 
Height 

Driving 
Pulley 

Driving 
Pulley 
Speed 

Screen 
Surface 

Approx. 
Weight 
(Ibs.) 

Approx. 
Weight 
Crated  for 
Export 
(Ibs.) 

0 

Conveyor 
Chute 
Spout  Feed  Box 

7'~00" 
9'-6" 
6'-ll" 

8'-8" 
9'-6" 
8'-00" 

5'-9" 
4'-9" 
4'-9" 

6'-4" 
12'-6" 
5'-2"   - 

18"-4"» 
24"x4" 
24"x4" 

110  r.p.m. 
35     ' 
35     ' 

18  sq.  ft. 
18      ' 

18      ' 

1200 
1500 
1000 

1600 
2000 
1200 

1 

Conveyor 
Chute 
Spout  Feed  Box 

6'-ll" 
9'-6" 
6'  -11" 

8'-8" 
9'-6" 
8'-00" 

7'-7" 
6'-  10" 

<;'  10" 

6'-4" 
12'-8" 
5'-2" 

18"x4"t 
30"  xO" 
30"x6" 

110     ' 
35     ' 
35    ' 

30      ' 
30      ' 
30       ' 

2000 
2200 
1600 

2500 
2800 
1900 

2 

Conveyor 
Chute 
Spout  Feed  Box 

8'-5" 
ll'-OO" 

8'-5" 

10'-6" 
11  '-0" 
9'-8" 

7'-7" 

6'-10" 

C,'    1(1" 

-'•  'A" 
14'-7" 
6'-2" 

18"x4"t 
30"x6" 
30"  xU" 

110     • 
35     ' 
35     ' 

40       " 
40      " 

40      " 

2400 
2500 
2000 

2900 
3100 
2300 

*Also  requires  24"x4"  Pulley  on  Cam  Shaft  at  35  r.p.m. 
tAlso  requires  30"x6"  Pulley  on  Cam  Shaft  at  35  r.p.m. 


Page  sixty 


Sturtevant  Open  Door  "Bucking  Broncho"  (BB)  Screen 

Patents  Ponding 


Page  sixty-one 


OPEN    DOOR    MIXER 


This  Mixer  differs  from  all  others  in  several  important  features:  - 

It  has  only  one  opening  for  receiving  and  discharging  its  batch;  therefore  only  one 
opening  to  seal  against  the  escape  of  dust  instead  of  two,  as  in  other  Mixers. 

A  large,  man  sized  "Open  Door"  in  the  other  end  allows  quick  and  easy  accessibility 
for  cleaning,  inspection  or  replacement  of  parts. 

The  material  being  mixed  has  no  fixed  line  of  travel  (in  one  end  and  out  of  the 
other)  allowing  the  fine,  light  ingredients  to  remain  on  top  and  unmixed.  The  narrow, 
large  diameter  drum,  with  its  paddles  and  deflectors,  forces  quick  and  intimate  mixing, 
and  allows  no  separation  of  the  ingredients. 

The  steel  drum  is  supported  on  roller  wheels,  fixed  to  the  steel  channel  bed.  A  gear 
on  each  end  driven  by  pinions  revolves  it  in  perfect  alignment. 

The  intake  and  discharge  spouts  or  scoops  are  attached  to  the  same  slide.  When 
filling  the  Mixer  a  lever  places  the  intake  spout  into  the  receiving  position;  reversing 
this  lever  brings  the  exit  scoop  in  place  for  completely  discharging  the  machine. 

One  half  minute  is  sufficient  time  for  mixing. 

This  is  the  only  Mixer  which  can  be  cleaned  easily,  thus  preventing  material  from 
caking  within  the  drum  while  the  machine  is  idle,  and  this,  if  allowed  to  remain  in 
the  machine,  will  be  discharged  with  the  first  batch  when  starting  again,  and  if  this 
entire  batch  is  not  thrown  away  or  remilled  these  hard  cakes  will  get  into  the  bags, 
break  the  farmers'  drills,  and  often  cause  the  loss  of  a  good  customer. 

Every  Mixer  should  be  thoroughly  cleaned  at  noon  and  at  night,  thus  eliminating 
this  source  of  trouble. 

Ten  minutes  is  ample  to  clean  out  the  Sturtevant  Mixer. 


SPECIFICATIONS 


Size 
Batch 

Drum 
Mixing 
Capacity 

Drum 
Capacity 

Height 
with 
Hopper 

Length 
with 
Hopper 

Height 
without 
Hopper 

Length 
without 
Hopper 

Width 

Pulley 

Speed 

Power 

Capacity 
Tons 
per  Hr 

Weight 

Code 
Word 

with 
Hopper 

without 
Hopper 

\i  ton 

13  cu.  ft. 

25  cu.  ft. 

8'0" 

7'  6" 

5'0" 

5'  W 

&'  OH" 

24  i  4 

120 

3  to    5 

4  to    5 

2900 

2660 

Quarton 

TurftT^" 

)^  ton 

27  cu.  ft. 

54  cu.  ft. 

12'  0" 

10'  5" 

5'  8" 

6'  6" 

6'  9" 

30x6 

100 

4  to     7 

10  to  12 

4100 

3500 

1   ton 

60  cu.  ft. 

116  cu.  ft. 

12'  0" 

12'  0" 

7'  1" 

8'  10" 

7'  11" 

36x8 

75 

5  to  10 

20  to  30 

6265 

5700 

Ton  mix 

2  ton 

125  cu.  ft. 

246  cu.  ft. 

9'  3" 

10'  3" 

10'  7" 

36x8 

100 

10  to  12 

50  to  60 

11500 

Twoton 

Page  sixty-two 


Sturtevant 

Open  Door 

Mixer 


Patented 


Page  sixty-three 


OPEN     DOOR     HINGED    HAMMER     PULVERIZER 


Pulverizing  Dry  Fertilizer  materials  is  not  difficult,  but  when  damp  or  green  goods 
are  encountered  or  when  tramp  iron  enters  the  machine  every  one  expects  trouble. 

To  minimize  these  irritating  and  expensive  delays  and  for  ease  in  replacing  wearing 
parts,  the  Sturtevant  Pulverizer  was  invented. 

Its  "Open  Door"  does  not  prevent  trouble,  but  such  complete  accessibility  allows 
instant  cleaning  and  the  removal  of  uncrushable  substances,  also  quick  and  easy  replace- 
ment of  parts. 

Its  flexibly  mounted  hammers  are  hard  to  break  because  they  give  back  in  relief 
when  iron  is  encountered,  thus  preventing  serious  breaks  or  expensive  repairs. 

Its  big  receiving  and  discharge  openings  do  not  invite  clogging,  in  fact  it  is  a  difficult 
material  indeed  that  causes  trouble  with  this  Pulverizer. 

Five  Horse  Power  is  usually  sufficient  to  operate  it  on  the  easy  running,  self  aligning 
Hyatt  Roller  Bearings,  yet  the  terrific  blows  of  the  hammers  shatter  and  reduce  to  atoms 
any  grindable  substance. 

When  unground  tankage  or  similar  materials  are  being  pulverized,  sizing  grates 
are  placed  around  the  bottom  of  the  casing,  but  when  used  as  a  tailings  grinder  only, 
no  grates  are  necessary  or  desirable. 

SPECIFICATIONS 


No.  of 
Mill 

Length 
Over  All 
Door 
Closed 

Length 
Over  All 
Door 
Open 

Width 
Over  All 

Height 
Over  All 

Inside 

Feed 
Opening 

* 

Driving 
Pulley 

Pulley 
Speed 

Approx. 
H.  P. 

Approx. 
Weight 

Net 

Approx. 
Weight 
Gross 

Code 
Word 

Dia. 

Width 

0 

3',  7" 

4',  4" 

4',  2" 

2',  0" 

24" 

9" 

12K"*12" 

12"  x  8" 

1000 
to 
1200 

5  to  15 

1700 

2000 

Oliinge 

1 

3',  7" 

4',  8" 

4',  10" 

2',  0" 

24" 

18" 

12H"il8" 

12"  x  8" 

1000 
to 

IL'DII 

10  to  20 

-':((  HJ 

2600 

Wihinge 

*  Does  not  mean  size  material  machine  will  take 


Page  sixty-jour 


Sturtevant  Open  Door  Hinged  Hammer  Pulverizer 

Patented 


Page  sixty-five 


FERTILIZER    SACKING    SCALES 


Automatic  Scales  when  used  on  Acid  Phosphate  and  Complete  Fertilizer,  in  some 
cases,  work  efficiently,  but  in  most  plants  are  a  constant  source  of  trouble,  owing  to  the 
difficulty  in  securing  an  even  flow  of  material  into  the  Scale,  upon  which  its  accuracy 
absolutely  depends;  therefore  the  manually  operated  and  simple  Scales  are  shown 
and  recommended. 

Automatic  Scales  are  particularly  well  adapted  to  weighing  Rock  Dust,  if  small, 
steep  sided  bins  are  used,  with  a  constant  head  of  dust,  thus  preventing  bridging  and 
clogging  and  insuring  an  even,  constant  flow  of  dust  into  the  Scale.  Acid  may  also 
be  accurately  weighed  automatically. 

The  Sacking  Scales  used  on  Sturtevant  Units  combine  a  Bag  Holder  and  Valve, 
which,  being  self  contained,  are  bolted  directly  to  the  hopper. 

With  no  legs  or  floor  supports  the  space  around  the  bag  is  free  from  obstructions 
which  hinder  the  truckers. 

The  Scale  is  made  on  the  steelyard  principle,  the  Bag  Holder  on  one  end  of  the 
single  lever  and  a  counterweight  on  the  other  end.  The  bag  holder  chutes  the  discharged 
material  from  the  Hopper  Valve  directly  into  the  bags.  The  bag-holding  mechanism 
has  a  powerful  grip  to  prevent  slip,  yet  will  not  tear  the  bags,  and  releases  quickly. 

The  valve  is  a  single  undercut  gate,  easily  operated  by  a  lever,  which  has  proven 
the  most  efficient  type  for  fertilizer. 

The  Scale  will  weigh  accurately  when  different  sizes  of  bags  are  used,  by  adjusting 
the  counterweight. 

The  shape  of  the  Bag  Holder  permits  an  open  space  in  front  of  the  operator,  at  the 
-top  of  the  bag,  through  which  he  can  trim  the  filled  bag,  if  necessary.  Five  to  six  bags 
per  minute  can  be  accurately  weighed. 


Page  sixty-six 


UP 


sixly-scten 


STURTEVANT    NEWAYGO    S U P E R  -  S  C R E E N S 


Under  the  heading  of  Phosphate  Rock  Grinding  we  have  advocated  the  use  of  Air 
Separators  instead  of  Screens,  but  we  are  in  a  position  to  supply  the  best  of  either  at  the 
customer's  option,  and  herein  illustrate  the  Open  Door  Super  Screen  of  Unit  construction, 
which  has  a  range  of  output  from  y±'  to  100  mesh. 

Screens  are  generally  recommended  for  products  coarser  than  60  mesh,  and  are  very 
efficient  up  to  that  point;  finer  than  60  mesh  we  frankly  prefer  Air  Separators  for  most 
materials. 

Sturtevant  Super-Screens  are  built  on  the  Newaygo  principle,  and  are  largely  used 
throughout  the  world  as  standard  equipment. 

The  Screen  wire  is  stretched  taut  on  small  Unit  frames,  set  at  an  angle  of  between 
35°  and  45°,  therefore  a  comparatively  coarse  mesh  delivers  a  fine  product  and  greatly 
increases  the  life  of  Screen  Clothing. 

The  frames  (not  the  wire)  are  tapped  by  hundreds  of  hammer  blows,  which  transmit 
the  vibration  to  the  screen  wire,  thus  keeping  the  meshes  open  and  producing  maximum 
capacity. 

The  feed  is  either  by  Screw  Conveyor  ?nd  adjustable  feed  board,  or  by  baffled  chute. 
The  discharge  is  arranged  for  Screw  or  Belt  Conveyor,  gravity,  or  a  combination  of  both. 
Small,  accessible  Units  are  bolted  together  to  make  a  Screen  of  any  practical  size,  yet 
all  parts  are  comparatively  small  and  easily  handled. 

The  Open  Door  construction  gives  instant  accessibility,  and  it  is  the  work  of  a  few 
minutes  only  to  replace  screen  frames,  brush  clothing  or  to  inspect.  No  Screen  com- 
pares with  it  for  effectiveness,  simplicity,  durability  or  convenience. 

One,  two  or  three  accurately  sized  products  may  be  screened  at  the  same  time  by 
one  separator. 

Approximate  Capacities,  Etc.,  to  Various  Finenesses 

*To  ascertain  the  capacity  of  any  number,  or  combination  of  units,  multiply  the  capacity  of  a  one-unit  screen  by  the  number  of  units  in  battery. 


Cloth 
Mesh 

Diameter 
of  Wire 

Opening 

Approximate 
Mesh  of 
Product 

Capacity 
Approx.  Ibs. 
per  hour 
1  Unit* 

Cloth 
Mesh 

Diameter 
of  Wire 

Opening 

Approximate 
Mesh  of 
Product 

Capacity 
Approx.  ibs. 
per  hour 

Separator 

1  Unit* 

2 

.120 

.380 

4 

14000 

22 

.017 

.0285 

45 

6000 

3 

.092 

.241 

6 

13000 

24 

.015 

.0267 

50 

5500 

4 

.080 

.170 

8 

12000 

26 

.015 

.0235 

55 

5(100 

5 

.072 

.128 

10 

11250 

30 

.0135 

.0198 

60 

4000 

6 

.047 

.120 

12 

10500 

35 

.013 

.0156 

70 

3500 

7 

.054 

.089 

14 

9500 

40 

.011 

.0140 

80 

2500 

8 

.047 

.078 

16 

9000 

50 

.009 

.0110 

90 

1400 

10 

.035 

.065 

20 

8750 

60 

.008 

.0087 

100 

1000 

12 

.032 

.051 

24 

8500 

70 

.007 

.0073 

120 

800 

14 

.028 

.043 

28 

8000 

80 

.00575 

.OOB8 

140 

700 

18 

.023 

.0395 

30 

7500 

90 

.00525 

.0059 

160 

675 

18 

020 

.0356 

35 

7000 

100 

.0045 

.0055 

180 

550 

20 

.nis 

.032 

40               !             fioOO 

SPECIFICATIONS  STYLE   M.     "SUPER-SCREEN 


No. 
of 
Units 

Approx. 
Depth 
Over 
All 

Approx. 
Width 
Over 
All 

Approx. 
Height 
Over 
All 

Driv'g 
Pulley 

Driv'g 
Pulley 
Speed 

Screen- 
ing 
Surface 
sq.  ft. 

Approx. 
Weight 
Ibs. 
Net 

Approx. 
Weight 
Ibs. 
Gross 
for 
Export 

Code  Word 
with  one 
Screening 
Surface 
No  Scalper 

Code  Word 

with  one 
Screening 
Surface  and 
Scalper 

Code  Word 
with  two 
Screening 
Surfaces 
No  Scalper 

Code  Word 
with  two 
Screening 
Surface?  and 
Scalper 

1 

70' 

5'  10" 

80" 

18     4 

110 

18 

1000 

1400 

Superone 

Twoperone 

Twovribone 

Threperone 

2 

70' 

9'  2' 

80" 

18     4 

110 

36 

1850 

2600 

Supertwo 

Twopertwo 

Twovribtwo 

Threpertwo 

3 

70' 

12'  7' 

80" 

18      4 

110 

54 

2700 

3050 

Superthree 

Twoperthre 

Twovribthe 

Threperthe 

4 

70' 

17'  0' 

80" 

24      4 

110 

72 

3775 

4500 

Superfour 

Twoperfor 

Twovribfor 

Threperfor 

5 

70' 

20'  2' 

80" 

24      4 

110 

90 

4625 

5525 

Superfive 

Twoperfive 

Twovribfiv 

Threperfiv 

6 

70' 

23'  9' 

80" 

30     4 

110 

108 

5475 

'6125 

Supersix 

Twopersix 

Twovribsix 

Threpersix 

Page  sixty-eight 


Sturtevant-Newaygo  Super-Screens 

Patented 


Page  sixty-nine 


OPEN  DOOR  ROTARY  CRUSHERS 


With  the  exception  of  Florida  Pebble  Rock  most  other  Phosphates  require  prelim- 
inary crushing  to  reduce  the  material  to  from  one  inch  to  one-half  inch  for  the  pulverizer. 

We  have  shown  the  Swing  Sledge  Mill  for  this  purpose,  at  the  beginning  of  this  book, 
on  account  of  its  low  head  room  and  almost  unlimited  capacity,  but,  if  preferred,  the 
Rotary  Crusher  may  be  used  with  equal  efficiency,  in  fact  a  great  many  are  in  use  both 
in  this  country  and  abroad. 

The  Rotary  Crusher  is  a  slow  speed,  durable  machine  of  Open  Door,  one  man,  one 
minute  accessibility.  It  will  reduce  large  pieces  of  phosphate  rock  to  any  size  between 
1"  and  Y±",  requires  small  power,  has  large  capacity,  is  easily  repaired,  difficult  to  clog 
and  makes  an  excellent  preliminary  machine. 

It  is  really  a  massive  Coffee  Mill,  crushing  by  gradual  reduction  between  the  heavy 
chilled  iron  nuts  (revolving  on  a  large  vertical  square  shaft,  at  slow  speed),  and  the 
durable  liners  which  are  bolted  onto  the  inside  casing.  Raising  or  lowering  the  shaft 
regulates  the  size  of  product. 

Its  open  door  construction  gives  immediate  access  to  the  machine's  interior,  for 
replacements,  inspection  and  the  removal  of  tramp  iron  which  often  enters  and  stops 
the  crusher. 


SPECIFICATIONS 


Code 
Word 

No. 

t  Hopper 
Opening 

Approx. 
Cap. 
Tons  per 
Hour  %" 
Setting 

Approx. 

1  Iol>[- 

Power 

Speed 
Rev. 

Pulley 
Diam. 
Face 

Length 

Width 

Height 

Approx. 
Weight 
Netlbs. 

Approx. 
Weight 
Gross 
Ibs. 

Bial  

00 

6"  -a  18" 

l  toiH 

1  to  2 

300 

12x4 

3'  9" 

2'    5" 

3'  5" 

900 

1050 

Bion  .... 

0 

9"  x  18" 

1  to  2 

3  to  4 

250 

18x6 

4'  7" 

2'    4" 

3'  7" 

1300 

1600 

Biacchi.  . 

1 

6"  i  19" 

2  to  4 

6  to  10 

300 

24x8 

6'  4" 

3'    6" 

5' 

4000 

4700 

Biante  .  . 

1H 

10"  x  28" 

5  to  7 

15 

200 

30x10 

7'  3" 

3'    6" 

6' 

6000 

7000 

Bistro.  .  . 

•2 

19"  x  30" 

8  to  10 

15  to  20 

250 

30  T  12 

8'  8" 

3'  10" 

T  1" 

9000 

10500 

Subject  to  change  without  notice. 

^Smallest  dimension  given  means  largest  CUBES  the  crusher  will  take. 

•{These  approximate  dimensions  do  not  mean  the  size  rock  the  machine  can  grip. 


The  capacities  are  based  on  J^"  setting  and  will  necessarily  vary  according  to 
the  material  being  crushed,  its  friability,  specific  gravity,  moisture  content  and  size 
of  feed. 


, 


Page  seventy 


Patented 


Pat.rnti-cl 


Sturtevant  Open  Door  Rotary  Crusher 


Page  secenty-one 


OPEN  DOOR  SWING  SLEDGE  MILL 


This  machine  has  been  briefly  illustrated  and  described,  in  the  first  part  of  the  book, 
as  a  preliminary  Crusher  for  Phosphate  Rock;  also  a  similar  though  lighter  machine 
has  been  shown  as  a  Tailings  Mill,  and  known  as  the  Hinged  Hammer  Pulverizer.  In 
both  cases  the  machines  have  easy  work  to  perform,  one  doing  coarse  preliminary  crush- 
ing, the  other  simply  regrinding  material  which  has  already  been  pulverized,  but 
which  has  become  caked  or  lumpy,  and  has  failed  to  pass  the  screen. 

The  Swing  Sledge  Mill,  however,  is  strictly  a  heavy  duty  machine,  carefully  designed 
and  massively  constructed  to  operate  at  high  speed  and  grind  hard,  tough,  fibrous  sub- 
stances to  a  sufficient  fineness  to  pass  through  a  drill. 

Bones,  Tankage,  Fish  Scrap,  Meat  Cake,  Cottonseed  Cake,  Shells,  Limestone,  etc., 
are  some  of  the  materials  successfully  pulverized  in  this  machine. 

As  much  tramp  iron  is  encountered  in  most  of  these  materials,  the  machine  must 
have  quick  accessibility  for  removing  same,  as  it  cannot  be  ground  and  soon 
causes  disaster  if  left  in  the  system.  The  Open  Door  leaves  little  to  be  desired,  for  one 
man,  in  one  minute,  can  open  the  door  of  the  largest  Mill,  exposing  its  entire  interior 
for  the  easy  removal  of  tramp  materials,  for  cleaning  out,  replacements,  adjustments 
and  inspection. 

Many  types  of  hammers  are  used  for  different  work;  they  are  flexibly  mounted  to  give 
back  in  relief  when  uncrushable  substances  are  encountered,  thus  eliminating  much 
danger  of  breakage. 

The  mill  runs  easily  on  Hyatt  Roller  Bearings;  the  grate  spacings  at  the  bottom 
regulate  the  size  of  its  product,  but  in  some  instances  it  is  desirable  to  remove  some 
of  these  bars  to  allow  free  discharge,  and  use  an  outside  Screen  for  sizing,  returning 
the  oversize  for  further  pulverizing. 

An  illustration  is  shown  on  page  57  of  a  typical  Bone  Grinding  Unit,  incorporating 
this  Swing  Sledge  Mill,  Open  Door  Elevator,  "BB"  Screen  and  Dust  Collecting  System. 

RENDERING  PLANTS 

Swing  Sledge  Mills  can  be  very  effectively  employed  in  Rendering  Plants.  When 
equipped  with  hatchet  hammers  (that  is,  hammers  sharpened  on  the  edges  like  a  hatchet) 
the  mills  can  be  used  on  butchers'  refuse,  green  bone,  meat,  etc.,  to  shred  same  into  small 
pieces  before  cooking.  Shredding  before  cooking  increases  recovery,  also  allows  the 
bones  to  be  made  into  meat  cake.  When  equipped  with  plain  bar  hammers  they  can  be 
used  for  grinding  meat  cake  into  meal,  or  for  pulverizing  tankage.  An  Elevator  and 
Screen  are  used  in  connection  with  the  Mill  for  sizing  the  meal,  or  tankage. 


I^B^HB^HMPMBBiHBl^™^*^*"*"*^"****™^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^™^^"™  "    ' 

Page  seventy-two 


No.  0      With  Tool-Steel  Bar  Hammers 


Sturtevant  Swing  Sledge  Mill 
For  the  Preliminary  Crushing  and  Sizing  of  Lump  Rock 


SPECIFICATIONS— WITHOUT  FEEDER 


Length 

LuiL'th 

\Vidth 

VV  id  til 

Approx. 

No. 

Over  All 

Over  All 

ver  All 

Over  All 

Height 

Inside 

Feed 

Driving 

Pulley 

Approx. 

Capacity 

Approx. 

Approx. 

Code 

Closed 

Open 

Closed 

Open 

Dia. 

Width 

* 

i  ey 

Speed 

10  Mesh 

Net 

Gross 

00 

I'-ll" 

2'-  3H" 

2'-6" 

2'-  6" 

l'-6" 

12" 

5" 

B"  x4%" 

6"  x    6H" 

(2000 
(  3000 

6 

2SO  Ibs. 

425 

500 

Oosledge 

0 

4'-OM" 

4'-llJ$" 

*'-!" 

4'-3H" 

3'-6" 

24" 

10" 

125i"  x  11" 

12"  x  lO^i" 

j  1000 

12 

1  to    2 

3350 

3700 

Oswing 

(  1200 

1 

o'-l" 

6'-  7M" 

5'-5M" 

6'-  OH" 

3'-8K" 

30" 

20" 

17"x20K" 

15"  x  12)^" 

j  1200 

40 

3  to    7 

6300 

7000 

Oneswing 

i  1500 

2 

6'-OH" 

8'-  3" 

7'-0" 

8'-HH" 

4'-5" 

36" 

30" 

14?i"x2'6H" 

20"  i  16^" 

(  1000 

80 

8  to  15 

12000 

14000 

Twoswing 

1  1200 

•Does  not  mean  size  material  machine  will  take 


Page  seventy-three 


CRUSHING    PYRITES 


HAND  FURNACES 

For  crushing  Pyrites  for  either  hand-charged  or  mechanical  furnaces,  the  machines 
illustrated  on  the  following  page  are  especially  adapted. 

The  Jaw  Crusher  is  adjustable  for  \y£'  or  finer  crushing,  and  delivers  a  product 
remarkably  free  from  fines  and  dust. 

It  will  take  large,  hard  rocks  of  any  size  that  the  jaw  opening  permits,  and  will  reduce 
them  economically  and  rapidly  to  the  required  fineness  for  hand  furnaces,  or  act  as  a 
preliminary  crusher  to  be  followed  by  Rolls,  when  a  finer  product  is  desired  for  mechan- 
ical furnaces. 

These  Crushers  are  made  in  several  sizes  to  suit  conditions,  are  of  strong,  rigid  con- 
struction, the  side  castings  are  of  steel,  the  jaw  plates  of  Manganese  Steel,  the  cam  and 
roll  of  high  carbon  forgings,  in  fact  they  are  strictly  high  grade  in  every  respect  and  give 
excellent  satisfaction. 

Many  of  the  largest  mines  in  Spain  are  equipped  with  these  machines  and  a  large 
number  are  used  in  this  country  and  abroad. 

MECHANICAL  FURNACES 

Mechanical  Furnaces  require  finer  rock  than  do  Hand  Furnaces,  it  being  necessary 
to  reduce  the  Pyrites  to  approximately  $i" . 

Therefore  the  Crusher,  previously  described,  is  used  for  the  preliminary  work,  reducing 
the  large  rock  to  approximately  i%"  size,  which  is  then  of  the  proper  fineness  to  feed 
to  the  Balanced  Crushing  Rolls,  which  complete  the  reduction  to  }i",  finer  or  coarser 
as  may  be  desired. 

This  makes  a  truly  rugged  plant  of  unusual  reliability,  rarely  injured,  even  if  tramp 
iron  or  other  uncrushable  substances  enter  the  machines  through  error,  and  lasts  many 
years. 

Strong  springs  are  placed  back  of  both  shafts  against  car-box  bearings  giving  the 
required  amount  of  crushing  pressure,  and  at  the  same  time  act  as  a  spring  safety  valve 
to  prevent  breakage,  should  uncrushable  material  get  between  the  roll  tires.  It  is 
seen  in  these  rolls,  having  equal  spring  pressure  back  of  each  bearing,  that  when  one  gives 
back  in  relief,  all  four  are  similarly  affected,  so  that  a  perfect  balance  results,  and  the 
crushing  shocks  are  only  l/£  as  great  as  in  other  mechanisms  having  springs  back  of  two 
bearings  only. 

These  machines  are  noted  for  their  ability  to  withstand  hard  usage  under  trying 
conditions,  and  operate  smoothly  at  small  cost. 

For  Specifications  gee  page  79 


Page  ictcnty-four 


Sturtevant  Jaw  Crusher 

Patented 


Sturtevant  Balanced  Crushing  Rolls 

Patented 


• 


Page  secenty-fcc 


BASIC    SLAG    GRINDING    PLANT 


Comparatively  few  Basic  Slag  Grinding  Plants  are  operated  in  this  Country,  although 
in  Europe  they  are  quite  common  in  the  Fertilizer  industry. 

We  are  prepared  to  design  and  equip  such  plants,  and  as  this  Slag  contains  much  iron , 
particularly  disastrous  to  ordinary  machinery,  it  is  essential  to  have  a  plant  of  proper 
design  and  construction,  incorporating  equipment  that  has  proved  economical  and 
practical  for  such  severe  service. 

A  Slag  grinding  plant  is  herein  illustrated  and  it  will  be  noticed  that  the  preliminary 
breaking  is  accomplished  in  a  Jaw  Crusher  (reducing  to  3  to  4  inch).  This  material  is 
then  elevated  to  a  bin  over  a  Ball  Mill,  fitted  with  a  coarse  screen  (M")>  which  is  too  fine 
for  tramp  iron  to  pass  through  and  this  is  therefore  retained  in  the  Ball  Mill  until  its 
accumulation  requires  removal.  The  M"  slag  passes  to  an  Elevator,  which  discharges 
on  a  Newaygo  Screen,  where  the  fines  are  removed,  and  the  oversize  goes  into  a  Ring- 
Roll  Mill  for  further  reduction.  This  Mill  discharges  into  the  same  Elevator,  carry- 
ing the  material  in  a  closed  circuit,  back  to  the  same  screen.  This  process  continues 
until  all  the  Slag  is  reduced  to  the  proper  fineness,  and  the  finished  product  is  removed 
by  conveyor  to  the  Bagging  Hopper  for  sacking  and  shipment. 

A  dust  Collecting  System  with  filter  is  incorporated  for  cleanliness,  and  to  prevent 
the  abrasive  dust  from  getting  into  the  bearings  ot  the  machines. 


Page  seventy-six 


C/5 


3 

ef 

a 


TO 
O 


I 


Page  seventy-seven 


LIMESTONE    GRINDING 


While  this  material  is  not  exactly  a  Fertilizer,  but  a  soil  sweetner,  it  is  closely 
allied  to  the  Fertilizer  business,  and  a  few  words  regarding  the  machinery  employed  for 
producing  it  may  prove  of  interest. 

There  are  two  types  of  plants  largely  used  for  the  purpose: 

ist:  The  plant  of  large  capacity  and  cheap  production,  using  a  Jaw  Crusher,  Ring- 
Roll  Mill  and  Super  Screens.  Such  a  plant  is  very  similar  to  that  used  for  pulverizing 
Phosphate  Rock,  illustrated  in  the  first  part  of  this  Book,  but  Screens  are  substituted  in 
place  of  Air  Separators,  as  the  product,  as  a  rule,  need  not  be  as  fine. 

Such  a  plant  is  the  best  and  cheapest  for  large  tonnages. 

and :  For  small  or  medium  size  plants,  where  the  investment  is  limited,  a  Jaw  Crusher 
and  Swing  Sledge  Mill,  without  other  auxiliaries,  give  excellent  results.  Elevators,  Bins, 
and  Conveyors  greatly  add  to  plant  efficiency,  and  are  employed  to  advantage,  should 
the  capital  available  be  sufficiently  large  to  allow  of  such  refinements. 

Either  of  these  plants  may  be  of  any  capacity  desired. 

This  is  a  subject  that  deserves  especial  attention,  and  should  be  treated  at  length  to 
do  it  justice. 

The  Sturtevant  Mill  Company  is  in  position  to  give  details  and  quote  figures  for 
complete  equipment,  for  any  tonnage  of  ground  limestone. 


OUTPUTS  OF  SINGLE  UNITS 
Ring-Roll   Mill  Plant 


No.    o  Ring  Roll  Mill  to  20  mesh 


No.     I 

No.    2     " 

No.  2  (Duplex)" 


20 

20 
20 


Swing-Sledge  Mill  Plant 

No.  oo  Swing  Sledge  Mill  to  10  mesh  .... 

No.    o     "  "  "  "    10     "  .... 

No.     i     "  "  "  "    10     "  .... 

No.    2     "          "  "  "   10     " 


2  to  3  tons  per  hour 

-       ((  -  l(  II  (( 

7  "  10     " 

U    "  20      "          "       " 


to     I  ton  per  hour 


8 


15 


Sturtevant 

Ring-Roll  Mill 

Swing-Sledge  Mill 


Patented 


Page  seceniy-eight 


SPECIFICATIONS  AND  APPROXIMATE  CAPACITIES,  HORSE  POWER  AND  WEIGHTS 


Air  Separators 


Dia. 

Appro*. 
Capacity 
95%,  100M 

Approx. 
Horse 
Power 

Pulley 

Pulley 
Speed 

Approx. 
Height 
Over  All 

Approx. 
Width 

()1,T    All 

Approx. 
Weight 

4' 

1  to  2  tons 
Per  Hour 

2  to  4 

12"x4" 

25O-350 
350-400 

7'-7" 

5'-0" 

1500  Ibs. 

10' 

6  to  8  tons 
Per  Hour 

5  to  8 

24  "16" 

14'-8M" 

1  1  '  C>" 

6100  Ibs. 

12' 

8    to  12  tons 
Per  Hour 

8  to  10 

24"x6" 

400-500 

16'-2^" 

13'-6" 

9000  Ibs. 

Ring-Roll  Mills 


Size 

Code 
Word 

Ring 

inch 
Dia.  & 
Face 

Rolls 
inch 
Dia.Sc 
Face 

Pulley 
inch 
Dia.& 
Face 

Pulley 
Speed 
Rev. 
per  M. 

Ring 
Speed 
Rev. 
per  M. 

Horse 
Power 
Approx. 

Dimensions   Over  All 
Approximate 

Approx. 
Net 
Weight 
Ibs. 

Approx. 
Gross 
Weight 
Ibs. 

Approx. 
Capacity 
tons 
per  hour 

Width 

Length 

Height 

capacities,  stating 
ndnnenessdesired. 
luirements  vary  so 
impossible  to  give 
e.  See  next  page. 

No.  0 

Ringbe 

24  x    7 

14  x    7 

36  x  10 

125 

125 

8  to  15 

ft.     in. 
4     0 
*6     4 

(t.     in. 
10      1M 
*11     3 

ft.    in. 
4     6 

7,000 

8,000 

No.  1 

Ringo 

33  x    7 

14  x    7 

30x    8 

320 

80 

18  to  25 

5     3H 
*8  10H 

11     0 
*12     7 

5   11 

13,000 

14,000 

No.  2 

Ringal 

44  x  12 

18x10 

36x12 

300 

63 

40  to  45 

6  11 
*10     6 

13    5 

*15     6 

7     4 

27,000 

29,000 

No.  1 
Duplex 

Ringdu 

33x    7 

14  x    7 

30x12 

375 

80 

35  to  50 

6     0 
t!3     0 

12  10 
*15     8 

6     2 

21,000 

24,000 

.:£  S'-  S 

*Sps! 

No.  2 
Duplex 

Ring- 
del 

44x12 

18  x  10 

42x20 

325 

64 

80  to  90 

7     8 
t!5     3 

16     4 

»20     2H 

7     6 

45,000 

50,000 

*  With  door  open  to  120° 
f    "       doors   "       "     " 


Jaw  Crushers 


Jaw 
Opening 

Capacit 
per 
Jaws 

Y,    Ions 
Hr.. 
Bet  to 

Horse 
Power 

Speed 
R  P.  M 

Pulley, 
Inches 

Length 
Over 
All 

tt  idth 
Over 
All 

Height 
Over 
All 

Weight 
Heaviest 
Piece 

Net 
Weight 

Gross 

Weight 

Code 
Word 

2x    6 

'a  inch 
250  to 
350  Ibs. 

^  inch 
350  to 
600  Ibs. 

1 

350 

18x3^6 

2'  gy2" 

1'   10" 

V  10" 

300  Ibs. 

900  Ibs. 

1,000  Ibs 

Baer 

4x8 

H  inch 
H  to  1 

1A  inch 
1  to  1H 

2  to    3 

250 

30  x    4 

3'  10" 

:V    2W 

2'  11" 

1,200    " 

2,700   " 

3,000   " 

Bareto 

ox  10 

l/2  inch 
1  to  Hi 

%  inch 
2  to  3 

3  to    4 

170 

30x6H 

4'  10" 

3'    0" 

3'    4" 

375  '• 

3,600   " 

4,000   " 

Beno 

6x15 

K  inch 
2  to  3 

H  inch 
3  to  4 

8  to  10 

160 

36  x    8 

6'    0" 

4'    7" 

3'    9" 

800  " 

7,600   " 

8,400   " 

Botox 

8x  10 

H  inch 
3 

2  inches 
6  to  10 

8  to  10 

160 

30x    6 

5'     1" 

3'     3" 

3'    4" 

1,370   " 

3,500   " 

4,000  " 

Bligo 

10x15 

1  inch 
8  to  10 

2  inches 
12  to  18 

15 

155 

48x10 

T     6" 

5'    0" 

4'    4" 

1,500  " 

11,000   " 

12,000    " 

Bligoten 

6x20 

%  inch 
5  to  7 

2  inches 
16  to  20 

20 

160 

4S  x  1(1 

5'    8" 

5'    3" 

3'    5" 

2,600   " 

8,750   " 

9,500   " 

Bligosix 

12x26 

\Y,  inch 
12  to  15 

2  inches 
20  to  30 

25 

140 

60x10 

9'    9" 

7'    0" 

6'    2" 

2,660  " 

22,500   " 

J.I.OOO    " 

Blartant 

Balanced  Rolls 

Code 
Word 

Size 
(Inches) 

Pulley 
(Inches) 

Approx. 
Horse 
Power 

Speed 
R.  P.  M. 

* 

Approx. 
Length 

Approx. 
Width 

Approx. 
Height 
With  Fly 
Wheel 

Approx. 
Weight 

Net 
Lbs. 

Approx. 
Weight 
Gross 

Lbs. 

Bonnie 
Ceatry 

16x10 
36  x  16 

48x4 
72  x  10 

3  to  4 
14  to  18 

200  to  270 
60  to  85 

5'-9" 
9'-8" 

o'-4" 
9' 

4'-6" 
6'-6" 

6.000 
34.000 

7,000 
37,500 

Plem 
Flip 
Ceadar 
Ceamot 
Ceasel 
Ceagot 
Ceafto 

20x14 
22x14 
24x15 
30  x  16 
32  i  16 
36x20 
38x20 

48  x  6 
48x6 
60x»H 
66  x  10 
66x10 
72xl2H 
72xl2H 

7  to  10 
7  to  10 
8  to  12 
12  to  15 
12  to  15 
16  to  20 
16  to  20 

150  to  215 
150  to  215 
115  to  160 
80  to  100 
80  to  100 
60  to  85 
60  to  85 

7; 

7'-10" 
8'-6" 
8'-6" 
10'-5" 
10'-5" 

6'-8" 
6'-8" 
7'-3H" 
8'-6" 
8'-6" 
10'-2H" 
10'-2M" 

5' 
5' 
o'-6^' 
6'-2" 
6'-2" 
6'-0" 
6'-0" 

10.000 
10,600 
13,350 
20,000 
20,750 
32,400 
33.700 

11.200 
11.800 
14,750 
21,500 
22,250 
35,000 
36,300 

Plain  Balanced  Rolls  *** 

Plyd 
Ploss 

36  x  16 
38  x  16 

66  x  10 
68x10 

14  to  18 
14  to  18 

60  to  85 
60  to  85 

8'-6" 
8'-6" 

8' 
8' 

6'-o" 
6'-5" 

22.000 
22,700 

23,500 
24,200 

Laboratory  Rolls  ** 

Billey               1         8x5 
Flag                 1       12  x  12 

18x4 
36x6 

1 

3  to  4 

150 

150 

33" 
4' 

2fl" 

4'-S" 

22" 

3'-2" 

650 
3.000 

700 
3.500 

*The  speed  of  Rolls  varies  according  to  size  and  kind  of  material. 
'!i:?l?or"°r>'  Ro!ls  have  sP"nKs  t>«ck  °f  «w°  bearings  only. 
'"Plain  Balanced  Rolls  have  shim^adjustments. 


Page  sectnly-nine 


LABORATORY     MACHINERY 


This  book  would  not  be  complete  if  Laboratory  Machinery  was  omitted,  and  we 
herein  illustrate  a  very  complete  line  of  Equipment  for  Sampling  purposes. 

AUTOMATIC  CRUSHER  AND  SAMPLER 

This  machine  is  a  miniature  Open  Doer  Rotary  Fine  Crusher,  yet  it  is  capable  of 
crushing  Phosphate  Rock  from  2"  to  3"  in  size  to  J4"  at  the  rate  of  approximately  one 
ton  per  hour,  at  the  same  time  extracting  a  representative  sample  of  5,  10  or  15%  of 
the  whole,  for  analysis.  Should  this  resulting  sample  be  too  large, say  100  to  200  Ibs., 
then  this  sample  may  again  be  passed  through  the  machine,  in  which  case  the  amount 
from  the  sample  spout  will  be  only  a  few  pounds.  Three  sizes  of  sample  spouts  are 
supplied  with  each  machine. 

This  Sampler  saves  much  labor,  and  gives  far  more  accuracy  than  hand  methods. 

LABORATORY  JAW  CRUSHER 

For  crushing  hard  rocks  to  y±  inch  and  finer  this  little  machine  has  no  equal,  and  will 
produce  approximately  300  to  600  Ibs.,  per  hour.  It  is  very  similar  to  our  regular 
Crushers,  and  will  stand  up  under  hard  work  and  give  satisfaction  for  yeais. 

Hundreds  are  used  all  over  the  woild  in  Mines,  Colleges,  Assay  Laboratories,  etc. 

LABORATORY  ROLLS 

This  machine  is  very  similar  to  our  large  Rolls,  and  is  capable  of  hard,  continuous 
work.  It  will  crush  hard  or  soft  rocks  from  1^"  size  to  J/g"  or  from  %"  to  10  mesh,  etc. 
A.  3  to  i  reduction  is  about  the  limit  of  Roll  work  although  on  some  materials  4  to  I  is 
practical. 

SAMPLE  GRINDER 

The  Sample  Grinder  has  a  wide  field  of  usefulness.  It  can  be  used  for  grinding 
tankage,  cotton  seed  meal,  rock,  etc.  It  is  capable  of  grinding  Phosphate  Rock  to  100 
mesh  without  screening,  or  to  any  degree  coarser.  For  Cotton  Seed  Meal,  and  other 
tough,  fibrous  materials  special  grinding  discs  are  supplied. 

It  is  built  in  three  sizes. 


LABORATORY  HAMMER  MILL 

Built  in  a  very  similar  manner  to  our  Swing  Sledge  Mills,  this  little  machine  will 
do  anything  that  the  larger  ones  can  do,  but  with  reduced  capacities. 

For  Bone,  Tankage,  Meat,  Cottonseed  Meal,  Shells,  Fish  Scrap,  Rock,  etc.,  it  has 
no  equal  for  producing  products  from  %"  to  20  mesh. 

LABORATORY  SCREEN 

A  small  Screen  is  built  for  sampling  work  having  a  range  of  output  from  J4  inch  to 
1 20  mesh. 


Page  eighty 


Automatic  Crusher  and  Sampler 


Patented 


Sample  Grinder 


Page  eighty-one 


cxass  sfcr/e^  or  s 
Combination  A  Frame  and  Square-posted  Building 


Page  cig/ily-ltco 


o 

o 

tr 
5' 

r* 

5' 


I 


a 
c 
s 


I 

03 

5J 

5' 


Page  cighty-lhrcc 


•f; 


be 


03 

T3 

•s 

& 


1 
I 


a 
I 

j 


Page  eighty-four 


C/l 


r: 

X* 

—  - 


I 


i 


ILK 


Co 


i 


i 


.Page  eighty  five 


Page  eighty-six 


Page  eighty-seven 


Patented 
Valve  Bag  and  Holder 


Weighing  Hopper  and  Scale 


Hopper  or  Cut-Off  Valves 


These     illustrations    show    a    few     auxiliary 
devices  of  Sturtevant  design  and  manufacture 


Page  eighty-eight 


Page  eighty-nine 


Page  ninety 


GENERAL    INFORMATION 


We  are  indebted  to  Dr.  Samuel  W.  Wiley,  President  and  General  Manager  of  Wiley 
&  Company,  Inc.,  Baltimore,  Maryland,  for  the  following  information,  which  it  is  be- 
lieved will  prove  valuable  to  the  Fertilizer  Manufacturer. 

Dr.  Wiley  is  too  well  known  to  the  Fertilizer  trade  in  general  to  need  introduction, 
but  to  those  who  have  not  had  the  pleasure  of  his  acquaintance  it  may  not  be  out  of 
place  to  say  that  he  enjoys  an  enviable  reputation  as  one  of  the  leading  Fertilizer  Chem- 
ists in  this  Country,  and  his  friends  are  legion.  He  operates  a  fully-equipped  Modern 
Laboratory  in  Baltimore,  and  has  a  large  business  among  Fertilizer  Manufacturers. 

CONVERSION  FACTORS 

Multiply  by 
A  B  A  to  B  B  to  A 

Nitrogen  Ammonia  1-2158  .8225 

Nitrate  of  Soda  6.0678  .164.8 

Nitrate  of  Potash  7.2170  .1386 

Protein  6.2500  .1600 

Ammonia  Nitrate  of  Soda  4.9906  .2004. 

Nitrate  of  Potash  5-9358  .1685 

Protein  5.1404  •I94$ 

Sulphate  of  Ammonia  3-8791  -2578 

Nitrate  of  Soda                          Nitrate  of  Potash  1.1894  .8408 

Actual  Potash  Muriate  of  Potash  1.5830  -6317 

Sulphate  of  Potash  1.8500  .5405 

Nitrate  of  Potash  2.1467  .4658 

Carbonate  of  Potash  1.4671  .6816 

Muriate  of  Potash  -Sulphate  of  Potash  1.1687  -85S7 

Carbonate  of  Potash  .9268  1  .0790 

Phosphoric  Acid                         Bone  Phos.  of  Lime  2.1850  -4-577 

Carbonic  Acid                             Carbonate  of  Lime  2.2748  .4396 

CHEMICAL  REACTIONS  IN  SUPERPHOSPHATE  MANUFACTURE 


Superphospahte—  C 

Reversion—  CaH4(PO4)2+H2O+Ca3(PO4)2  =  2Ca2H2(PO4)24H2O. 

Fluorides—  CaF2+H2SO4  =  2HF+CaSO4 

4  HF+SiO2  =  2H2O+SiF4  (100  Ibs.  CaF2=  125.6  Ibs.  H2SO4) 

3  SiF4+2H2O  =  SiO2+2H2SiF(1 

Carbonates—  CaCO3+H2SO4  =  CaSO4+H2O+CO2      (100  Ibs.  CaCO3=i25  Ibs.  60°  acid) 


Page  ninety-one 


GENERAL    INFORMATION 


MIXING  GUIDE     FLORIDA  PEBBLE 
The  exact  amounts  to  be  used,  however,  can  be  found  only  by  trial 


1090  Ibs.  rock  (60  mesh). 

1090  Ibs.  50°  Be  acid  or  its  equivalent  as  52°  acid. 


2180  Ibs.  minus  loss  of  moisture  (8  -  9%)  equals  2000  Ibs.  net. 

1118  Ibs.  rock  (80  mesh). 

1062  Ibs.  50°  Be  acid  or  its  equivalent  as  52°  acid. 


2180  Ibs.  minus  loss  of  moisture  equals  2000  Ibs.  net. 

MATERIALS  NOT  TO  BE  MIXED 

Nitrate  of  soda  should  not  be  mixed  with  Acid  Phosphate  containing  large  excess 
of  acid,  as  the  free  sulphuric  and  phosphoric  acids  drive  off  nitric  acid  and  cause  a  loss. 

Pyrites  Cinder  should  not  be  used  to  reduce  your  acid  phosphate  as  the  free  acid 
unites  with  the  iron  to  form  an  insoluble  phosphate  of  iron. 

Certain  ammoniates  contain  iron,  and  if  mixed  with  acid  phosphate  you  will  lose  a 
considerable  portion  of  your  available  phosphoric  acid. 

Lime  should  not  be  mixed  with  Sulphate  of  Ammonia  and  materials  containing 
lime  should  not  be  used  in  this  connection  without  advice  from  an  experienced  fertilizer 
chemist. 

Excessive  quantities  of  lime  should  not  be  mixed  with  Superphosphate,  Barnyard 
Manure  or  Bone  Meal. 

Sulphate  of  Ammonia  should  not  be  mixed  with  Thomas  Slag  and  Norwegian 
Nitrate. 

Basic  Slag  should  not  be  mixed  with  Sulphate  of  Ammonia,  Blood  or  Tankage  as 
the  lime  affects  these  materials  and  releases  ammonia. 

Cyanamidc  must  not  be  mixed  directly  with  Sulphate  of  Ammonia,  but  if  mixed 
according  to  directions  given  by  the  cyanamide  manufacturer  will  give  good  results. 

It  is  better  to  consult  a  good  firm  of  fertilizer  chemists,  giving  full  information  as 
to  materials  desired  to  be  used,  before  trying  experiments  which  may  prove  unsatisfac- 
tory and  costly. 


Page  ninely-lmo 


GENERAL    INFORMATION 


The  subjoined  tables  on  this  and  the  following  page  have  been  approved  and  adopted  as  standard  (June  23,  1904)  by  the  Manufacturing  Chem- 
ists* Association  of  the  United  States. 

Acknowledgment  is  made  to   the    Manufacturing    Chemists*  Association  for  permission  to  use  these  tables,  which  have  been  prepared  by  and 
are  the  property  of  that  Association. 

The  Manufacturing  Chemists'  Association  has  a  supply  of  the  tables  made  up  in  card  form  for  laboratory  use,  which  may  be  procured  from 
the  Secretary  of  the  Association,  Mr.  John  I.  Ticrney,  540  Woodward  Building,  Washington,  D.  C.  . 

The  Chemical  authorities  in  the  work  were  W.  C.  Ferguson  and  H.  P.  Talbot.     The  freezing  points  assigned  were  calculated  from  Pickering's 
results.  Journal  of  the  London  Cliem.  Society,  vol.  57,  p.  363. 

Specific  gravity  determinations  were  made  at  00°  Fahr.,  compared  with  water  at  60°  Fahr.     From  the  specific  gravities,  the  corresponding  de- 
grees Baume  were  calculated  by  the  following  formula: 

145 


Baume  =  145  ~  Sp.  Gr. 

Baume  hydrometers  for  use  with  this  table  must  be  graduated  by  the  preceding  formula,  which  formula  should  always  be  printed  en  the  scale. 
66°  Baumc  — Sp.  Gr.  1.8354.    One  cubic  foot  of  water  at  60°  Fahr.  weighs  02.37  pounds  avoirdupois.      Atomic  weights  from  F.  W.  Clark's  table 
of  1901,  standard. 

O=  16.      HaSO*  =  100  per  cent. 

HaSCU  O.V.  60°  Be 

O.V.  93.19  100.00  119.08 

60°  77.67  83.35  100.00 

50°  62.18  66.72  80.06 

Acids  stronger  than  60°  Be  should  have  their  percentage  compositions  determined  by  chemical  analysis. 


Be0 

O 

I 
2 

3 

4 

5 
6 

7 
8 

9 
10 
ii 

12 

13 
U 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 
24 

25 
26 
27 
28 
29 
30 
31 
32 


Page  ninety-three 


Sp.  Gr. 
I  .OOOO 
1 .0069 
I.OI4O 
I.O2II 
I.O284 

•0357 
.0432 
.0507 
.0584 
.0662 
.0741 
I.082I 
I  .O9O2 
1.0985 
I.I069 
I.II54 
I .  I 24O 
1328 
1417 
1508 
I6OO 
1694 
1789 
1885 

1983 

2083 
I.2I85 
1.2288 

1-2393 
I.25OO 
1.2609 
I.27I9 
1.2832 


SULPHURIC  ACID 

TABLES 

Per  Cent 

Weight  of  1  cu.  ft. 

Tw.° 

H.,SO4 

in  Ibs.  Av. 

0.0 

O.OO 

62.37 

1.4 

1.  02 

62.80 

2.8 

2.08 

63.24 

4.2 

3.13 

63.69 

5-7 

4.21 

64.14 

7.1 

5-28 

64.60 

8.6 

6-37 

65.06 

IO.I 

7-45 

6S-53 

11.7 

8-55 

66.  01 

13.2 

9.66 

66.50 

14.8 

10.77 

66.99 

16.4 

11.89 

67.49 

18.0 

13.01 

68.00 

19.7 

14.13 

68.51 

21.4 

15-25 

69.04 

23.1 

16.38 

69-57 

24-8 

17-53 

70.10 

26.6 

18.71 

70.65 

28.3 

19.89 

71.21 

30.2 

21.07 

71.78 

32.O 

22.25 

72.35 

33-9 

23.43 

72.94 

35-8 

24.61 

73-53 

37-7 

25.81 

74.13 

39-7 

27.03 

74-74 

d.i.7 

28.28 

75.36 

43-7 

29-53 

76.00 

45-8 

30.79 

76.64 

47-9 

32.05 

77-30 

50.0 

33-33 

77.96 

52.2 

34.63 

78.64 

54-4 

35-93 

79-33 

56.6 

37.26 

80.03 

eights  from  F. 

W.  Clark's  table 

Per  Cent 

Pounds  O.  V. 

O.V. 

in  1  cu.  ft. 

o.oo 

O.OO 

1.09 

.68 

2.23 

1.4.1 

3-36 

2.14 

4.52 

2.90 

5.67 

3.66 

6.84. 

4-4-5 

7-99 

5.24 

9.17 

6.06 

10.37 

6.89 

1  1.56 

7-74- 

12.76 

8.61 

13.96 

9.49 

15.16 

10.39 

16.36 

11.30 

17.58 

12.23 

18.81 

13-19 

20.08 

14.18 

21.34 

15.20 

22.61 

16.23 

23.87 

17.27 

25.14 

18.34 

26.41 

19.42 

27.69 

20.53 

29.00 

21.68 

30.34 

22.87 

3  i  -69 

24.08 

33.04 

25-32 

34-39 

26.58 

3S.76 

27.88 

37.16 

29.22 

38.55 

30.58 

39.98 

32.00 

te^MA'^M 

GENERAL    INFORMATION 


SULPHURIC  ACID  TABLES   (Continued) 


33 

.2946 

58.9 

38.58 

80.74 

41.40 

33-4-2 

34- 

•3063 

61.3 

39-92 

81.47 

42.83 

34.90 

35 

.3182 

63.6 

41.27 

82.22 

44.28 

36.41 

36 

.3303 

66.1 

42.63 

82.97 

45-74 

37-95 

37 

.3426 

68.5 

43-99 

83-74 

47.20 

39-53 

38 

•3551 

71.0 

45-35 

84.52 

48.66 

41.13 

39 

1.3679 

73-6 

46.72 

85-32 

50.13 

42.77 

40 

1.3810 

76.2 

48.10 

86.13 

5I.6l 

44-45 

4-1 

f  -394-2 

78.8 

49-47 

86.96 

53-08 

46.16 

42 

[.4078 

81.6 

50.87 

87.80 

54-58 

47-92 

4-3 

[.4216 

84-3 

52.26 

88.67 

56.07 

49.72 

44 

[.4356 

87.1 

53-66 

89.54 

57-58 

51.46 

4-5 

[.4500 

90.0 

55-07 

90.44 

59-09 

53-44 

46 

[  .4646 

92.9 

56.48 

91-35 

60.60 

55-36 

4-7 

[  .4796 

95-9 

57-90 

92.28 

62.13 

57-33 

48 

[.4948 

99.0 

59-32 

93-23 

63-65 

59-34 

49 

[.5104 

102.  1 

60.75 

94.20 

65.18 

61.4.0 

50 

•5263 

105-3 

62.18 

95-20 

66.72 

63-52 

51 

.5426 

108.5 

63.66 

96.21 

68.31 

65-72 

52 

•5591 

in.  8 

65-13 

97.24 

69.89 

67.96 

53 

•5761 

115.2 

66.63 

98.30 

71-50 

70.28 

54- 

•5934 

118.7 

68.13 

99.38 

73-n 

72.66 

55 

.6111 

122.2 

69-65 

100.48 

74-74 

75-io 

56 

.6292 

125.8 

71.17 

101.61 

76.37 

77.60 

57 

.6477 

129.5 

72-75 

102.77 

78.07 

80.23 

58 

.6667 

133-3 

74.36 

103.95 

79-79 

82.95 

59 

.6860 

137.2 

75-99 

105.16 

81.54 

85-75 

60 

•7059 

I4I.2 

77.67 

106.40 

83-35 

88.68 

61 

.7262 

145-2 

79-43 

107.66 

85-23 

91.76 

.62 

.7470 

149-4 

81.30 

108.96 

87.24 

95.06 

63 

.7683 

153-7 

83-34- 

110.29 

89.43 

98.63 

64 

.7901 

158.0 

85.66 

111.65 

91.92 

102.63 

64^ 

•7957 

I59-I 

86.33 

112.00 

92.64 

103.75 

64M 

.8012 

l6o.2 

87.04 

112.34 

93-40 

104.93 

64%         ] 

1.8068 

l6l.4 

87.81 

112.69 

94.23 

106.19 

65          ] 

1-8125 

162.5 

88.65 

II3-05 

95-13 

107.54 

65^        1 

1.8182 

163.6 

89.55 

113.40 

96.10 

108.97 

65^        ] 

1.8239 

164.8 

90.60 

113.76 

97.22 

1  1  0.60 

65M              i 

1.8297 

165.9 

91.80 

I  14.12 

98.51 

112.42 

66 

[-8354 

167.1 

93-19 

114.47 

100.00 

114.47 

ALLOWANCE  FOR  TEMPERATURE 


10" 

Be,    .029"  B< 

3  or      .00023  S] 

D.  (jr.  =i 

20° 

"      -036° 

.00034 

11               

30° 

"      -035° 

.00039 

=  i 

40° 

"      -031° 

.00041 

i  i               

50° 

"      .028° 

.00045 

=  i 

6o° 

"      .026° 

.00053 

=  i 

63° 

"      .026° 

"       .00057 

it               

66° 

"      -0235° 

.00054 

=  i 

O  II 
O  II 
O  II 


Page  ninety-four 


GENERAL    INFORMATION 


YIELD  OF  SULPHURIC  ACID 

Theory  is  4.92  Ibs.  of  50%  50°  Be  acid  from  i  Ib.  of  sulphur  burned. 
In  practice  the  yield  of  4.7  Ibs.  is  considered  satisfactory. 


CONVERSION  OF  CENTIGRADE  AND  FAHRENHEIT  THERMOMETERS 

To  convert— 

°C.  to  °F.,  multiply  by  9,  divide  by  5,  then  add  32. 

°F.  to  °C.,  first  subtract  32,  then  multiply  by  5,  and  divide  by  9. 

To  change  one  result  at  a  given  moisture,  to  another  moisture  basis:  Divide  the 
per  cent,  of  *dry  matter  in  the  original  sample  into  the  per  cent,  of  dry  matter  in  the 
sample  at  required  moisture,  and  use  this  as  a  factor  by  which  to  multiply  the  original 
result. 

To  change  to  dry  basis:  Divide  100  by  the  per  cent,  of  *dry  matter  in  sample  and 
use  this  as  a  factor  by  which  to  multiply. 

*(Dry  matter  equals  100  less  the  per  cent,  of  Moisture.) 


CAPACITY  OF  PIPES  AND  CYLINDRICAL  TANKS 
Of  various  diameters  in  gallons  per  foot  of  length 


Feet  o     i 

2 

3     4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9    10 

II 

0 

0408 

.1632 

.3672  .6528 

i.  020 

1.469 

1.999 

2.61  1 

3.305  4.080 

4-937 

i 

5-875  6.895 

8.000 

9.18  10.44 

11.79 

13.22 

U-73 

16.32 

17.99  19-75 

21.58 

2 

23.50  25.50 

27.58 

29.74  31-99 

34-31 

36.72 

39-21 

41.78 

44-43  47.16 

49.98 

3 

52.88  55.86 

58.92 

62.06  65.28 

68.58 

71.97 

75-4.4 

78.99 

82.6"2   86.33 

90.13 

4 

94.OO  97.96 

IO2.O 

xoi.i  110.3 

114.6 

119.0 

123.4 

128.0 

132.6   137.3 

142.0 

5 

146.9  I5I.8 

156.8 

169.9  167.1 

172.4 

177.7 

183.2 

188.7 

194.3   199-9 

205.7 

6 

2II.5  217.6 

223.4 

229.5  235.7 

242.0 

248.2 

254.7 

261.1 

267.7   274.3 

28I.I 

Feet    o 

3       6 

9 

Feet 

o 

3 

6 

9 

7 

287.9 

308.8 

330.5 

352.9 

21 

2591 

2653 

2716 

2779 

8 

376.0 

399-9 

4.24.5 

449.8 

22 

2844 

2909 

2974 

3041 

9 

4-75-9 

502.7 

530.2 

558.5 

23 

3108 

3176 

3245 

33U 

10 

587.5 

617.7 

647.7 

679.0 

24 

3384 

34-55 

3527 

3599 

1  1 

710.9 

743-6 

777.0 

811.1 

25 

3672 

374-6 

3820 

3896 

12 

846.0 

881.7 

918.0 

955-1 

26 

3972 

4048 

4126 

4204 

13 

992.9 

1032 

1071 

mi 

27 

4283 

4363 

4-443 

4524 

14 

1  152 

H93 

1235 

1278 

28 

4.606 

4689 

4772 

4856 

15 

1322 

1366 

1412 

U57 

29 

494-1 

5027 

5H3 

5200 

16 

1504 

I55i 

1600 

1648 

30 

5285 

5376 

5465 

5555 

17 

1698 

1748 

1799 

1851 

31 

5646 

5738 

5830 

5923 

18 

1904 

1957 

2OII 

2066 

32 

6016 

6m 

6206 

6302 

19 

2121 

2177 

2234 

2292 

33 

6398 

6496 

6594 

6692 

20 

2350 

2409 

2469 

2530 

• 

Page  nincty-ficc 


i  cm. 

2.540 
30.480 
91.440 


I.  liter 
28.317 
0.0164 
3.785 


GENERAL    INFORMATION 


10,000. 


929.036 
8,361.27 


1  ,000. 


Q07,i8o. 


EQUIVALENTS 
Linear 

0.3937°  mch                 0.03280 
i.                                  0.08333 

foot 

0.01093  yard 
0.02778 

12. 

36. 

I. 

3- 

0-33333 
i. 

Volume 

1,000  cu.  cm. 
28,317 
16    16.388 
3,785. 

0.03531  cu.  ft. 

I. 

O.OOO58 
0.13367 

61.022 

1,728. 

I. 

231. 

cu.  in.  0.2642  gal. 
7.4815 
0.0043  3 
i. 

I  liquid  oz.          29.57  cc- 
i  liquid  qt.            0.9463  liter 
i  dry  qt.                 i.ioi  liters 

Surface 

.  cm.        o.oooi  sq.  meter  0.15500  sq.  in. 
i.                              1,550. 
1  6            0.000645                      !• 

0.00108  sq.  ft.    0.000119 
10.7638                    1.1960 
0.00694                 0.00077 

6             0.09290 
0.83613 

144- 

1,296. 

I. 
9- 

O.I  I  II  I 

i. 

Gravimetric 

?r.                 o.ooi  kg. 
i. 

50                0.028350 
o                  0.45360 
907.18 

0.03527  oz. 

35.2736 
I. 

16. 
32,000. 

0.0022046 
2.2046 
0.0625 
i. 

2,000. 

Ibs.      o.ooooon 
0.0011023 

O.OOOO3  1  2  C 

0.0005 
I. 

One  dry  qt.  =  1.164  liquid  qt.  (U.S.)  =  67.2  cu.  in. 
One  liquid  qt.  =  .859  dry  qt.  (U.S.)  ==  57.75  cu.  in. 
One  gallon  water  (U.S.)  weighs  8.323  Ibs.  and  contains  231  cu.  in. 
A  cubic  foot  of  water  contains  7^/2  gallons  =  1728  cu.  in.  and  weighs  62^/2  Ibs. 
To  find  diameter  of  a  circle,  multiply  the  circumference  by  .31831. 
To  find  the  circumference  of  a  circle,  multiply  diameter  by  3.1416. 
To  find  area  of  a  circle,  multiply  square  of  diameter  by  .7854. 
Doubling  the  diameter  of  a  pipe  increases  its  capacity  four  times. 
One  cubic  foot  of  Anthracite  coal  weighs  about  fifty-three  pounds. 
One  cubic  foot  of  Bituminous  Coal  weighs  about  forty-seven  to  fifty  pounds. 
To  find  the  number  of  tons  of  coal  in  a  bin,  find  the  number  of  cubic  feet  it  occupies 
and  multiply  by  the  weight  of  a  cubic  foot  of  coal  and  divide  by  2000. 


Page  ninety-six 


57259! 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 
BERKELEY 

Return  to  desk  from  which  borrowed. 
This  book  is  DUE  on  the  last  date  stamped  below. 


JAN     5   1948 


LD  21-100m-9,'47(A5702sl6)476 


